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D E V E L O P M E N T
2. For ‘second’ mention, pronouns are the logical choice (as in the passage):
I bought a clock on Friday and on Saturday it stopped going.
If there is a gap and the reference is not clear then
the may be used. Writers can
also use
the to avoid repeating a pronoun too much.
3. Lack of specificness can continue into the second mention (as in the passage):
Darren wants a bike for his birthday but I don’t think a bike is a good idea.
B3.6 Generalising with noun phrases
If you want to make a generalisation about all the members of a ‘class’ there are
several ways to do it. The most common way with count nouns is to use a plural
noun phrase with no article:
Dogs are our best friends.
Not of course
Dog . . . because this would be interpreted as a noncount noun (see C2).
The equivalent for noncount nouns would be without an article:
Cheese is made from the milk of cows and other animals.
It is also possible to use both the definite and indefinite articles with a singular noun
phrase for generic reference, as we saw in the lists above. The indefinite article can
be used to pick out a typical member of a class:
A dog is for life, not for Christmas. (We could also say
Dogs are . . . )
The definite article is often used with musical instruments and dances:
Can you dance the tango?
But it usually has an academic tone, when people are writing about something
professionally:
The invention of the wheel was the most important development in transport.
In such cases the responsibility lies with the employer.
This use is quite common in grammatical description (as in this book):
The indefinite article has two forms . . .
The definite article is also used with generic plural noun phrases in two situations:
with generic adjectives, e.g.
❏
the poor , the long-term unemployed (cf. A3)
with nationality nouns, e.g.
❏
the French, the Chinese
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