English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Gradability and the comparison of adjectives
Download 1.74 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Gradability and the comparison of adjectives
Many adjectives are ‘gradable’; that is, the ‘quality’ they refer to can have different degrees, and so they can be used with a wide range of adverbs that are sometimes called ‘intensifiers’, such as very, quite, rather, fairly, pretty, so, too, how, incredibly, completely: very happy, too expensive, how big One such adverb is placed after the adjective: happy enough. One very obvious feature of some adjectives is that they can change their form, like nouns and verbs; they have special endings, or inflections. The two forms that we are talking about here are the comparative and superlative, for example: basic form: tall comparative: taller superlative: tallest The inflections -er and -est are added to the end (or -r and st, if the word already ends in -e, and -ier or -iest to replace a final -y if preceded by a consonant). This changing of form is known as the ‘comparison’ of adjectives. Not all adjectives have inflectional comparison; many, generally longer adjectives have ‘phrasal’ comparison (i.e. more than one word), using more and most as adverbs to modify them: basic form: beautiful comparative: more beautiful superlative: most beautiful The rule that is usually given for deciding between the two possibilities is as follows: onesyllable adjectives have inflectional comparison, as with ❏ tall adjectives with three (or more) syllables have phrasal comparison, as with ❏ beautiful twosyllable adjectives are variable; those ending in ❏ -y, -ow, -er, -ere, -ure may inflect (wealthier, shallower, cleverer, sincerer, securer), but they can also have phrasal comparison. This choice also applies to a number of other twosyllable adjectives (politer/more polite), otherwise phrasal comparison is the norm. Section C4 investigates this in some detail and finds that these ‘rules’ often do not apply. For example, some onesyllable adjectives can have phrasal comparison and some threesyllable adjectives can have inflectional comparison. Two adjectives have irregular forms for comparison: good (better, best) and bad (worse, worst). Two others have irregular alternatives to the regular forms: far ( farther/ further, farthest/furthest) and old (older/elder, oldest/eldest). The comparison and gradability of adjectives are related. Obviously, if we can talk about a quality that has different degrees (very large, quite large) then we can also use it in comparisons (larger). Some adjectives, however, have one but not the other A D J E C T I V E S , A D V E R B S A N D P R E P O S I T I O N S 23 (see, for example, glad in Activity A4.2 below); and many adjectives, e.g. electric, national, have neither possibility. Two types of adjective that are particularly noteworthy are -ed and -ing adjectives: an interesting story a bored listener These are derived from the equivalent participles (see A5), but we can tell they are adjectives first by their attributive position and by the fact that they may be gradable (very interesting) and can have comparison (more interesting). Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling