English literature

Zahriddin muhammad Babur
Babur was born on February 14, 1483 in Andijan in the family of the Emir of Fergana, Umar Sheikh Mirza II, the great-grandson of the Timurid Sultan Miran Shah, the third son of Tamerlane[6]. Babur was a Timurid on his father's side, and his mother was from the Genghisid family. The Turks considered Chagatai to be their native language, while they also had a good command of Persian. Annette Beveridge, a British researcher of Babur's heritage, called him a Barlas Turk at the beginning of the XX century[
Babur 's mother 's family
Babur's mother Kutlug-Nigar-khanim (1459-1505) came from the Genghisids, was the daughter of the Mogulistan ruler Yunus Khan (1415-1487)[8]. Her father Yunus Khan, thanks to Timurid Shahrukh, at the age of 13 in 1428, was brought up by the famous historian Tamerlane Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, and Sharaf ad-Din Yazdi taught him and brought him up for 12 years until 1440.[9]
Timurid Abu Sayyid helped Yunus Khan to come to power in Moghulistan, so Yunus Khan gave his two daughters to Abu Said's sons in marriage. Of these sons-in-law, Yunus Khan loved Umar Sheikh mirza, Babur's father, the most. So, whenever Yunus Khan came to Andijan, he stayed there for two or three months[9].
Babur's mother's sister Khub-Nigar-khanim was the mother of Mirza Muhammad Haidar, who, thus, was Babur's cousin (in Central Asian Turki — kholabacha).
Traditions of kinship with the Shibanids and ties with the Uzbeks of Transoxiana
Babur's grandfather Abu Said (1451-1469)
Sheibani Khan's grandfather Abulkhair Khan helped Babur's grandfather Abu Said to come to power in the Timurid state in 1451. At the same time, Abulkhair Khan married his daughter Khan-zadeh Begim to Abu Said. His grandson from his daughter and Abu Said — Timurid Muhammad Sultan is buried in the Timurid family tomb of Gur-Emir in Samarkand[10].


Babur's mother's family went back to Genghis Khan, as well as the family of Sheibani Khan.
Babur's sister Khanzade begum was married to the Uzbek Khan Muhammad Sheibani. As Babur wrote: "Khan-Zade-bikim was the oldest of all the daughters; she was born from the same mother with me and was five years older than me... my older sister, Khanzade-bikim, fell into the hands of Sheibani Khan. She had a son named Khurram Shah, who was a pleasant young man. Sheibani Khan gave him the Balkh region, and a year or two after the death of his father, he went to the mercy of Allah"[11].
Sheibani Khan was married to Babur's cousin, the daughter of Mahmud Khan - Aisha Sultan Khanum, who was known as Mughal Khanum and until the end of [Khan's] life she was his revered wife.[9]
Babur's other cousin, the daughter of Mahmud Khan Kutluk khanum, was married to Shibanid Sultan Janibek Sultan.[9]
Begim Babur married his daughter Gulchehra to the Uzbek aristocrat Abbas Sultan[12]
As Babur himself emphasized, Uzbek generals — sultans fought on his side during the conquest of India in 1526-1527: Kasim Hussein Sultan, Bihub Sultan, Tang Atmish Sultan, as well as Mahmud Khan Nukhani from Gazipur, Kuki, [brother] Baba Kashka, Tulmish Uzbek, Kurban Chakhri[13]
The Uzbek Sheibanid poet Padshah-Khoja sent Babur a gazelle to the Turks together with rubai and Babur sent a letter of commendation in response.[14]
In 1519 Babur sent the manuscript of his poetry collection to Samarkand to Sheibanid poet Pulat Sultan, who was the son of Kuchkunji Khan[15]
Babur 's native language
Babur meets Sultan Ali Mirza near Samarkand
Babur is the founder of the dynasty, a native of the city of Andijan. Babur's native language was Turkish (Chagatai). He wrote in his memoirs: "The inhabitants of Andijan are all Turks; there is no person in the city and in the bazaar who does not know Turkic. The dialect of the people is similar to the literary one."[16] "Babur's memoirs are written in that variety of the Turkic language, which is known as Turks, which is Babur's native language," wrote the English orientalist E. Denisson Ross.[17]
Orientalists on the origin of Babur
Foltz argues that Babur should be considered more of a Turk. He calls his father half Timurid-Turk and half Chagataid, and his mother — half Chagataid and half Mongol; at the same time, all Chagataids had already been Turkized by that time[18]. J. Chalion also describes Babur as a "Turkic-speaking Chagataid"[19]. N. K. Sinha and A. C. Banerjee call him the "Chagatai Turk"[20]
M. H. Nuri, who speaks about the validity of the judgment according to which Babur and his descendants can be considered as "the Uzbek dynasty that ruled in India for more than 300 years"[21].
Speaking about the origin of Babur, researchers, E. I. Rudenko, in addition to Turkic, also emphasize his Mongolian roots on his mother's side[22]. Some researchers take a more radical position. For example, J. V. Lobo[23] and S. Bhattacharya[24] unequivocally consider him a Mongol. E. B. Havell says that Babur's father was a Turkic-Mongol, and his mother was a pure Mongol[25].
Political biography Babur's ascension to the throne in 1495 Portrait of Babur, XVII century. Ruler of Ferghana in 1494-1504, ruler of Kabul in 1504-1526, head of the Timurid Empire with the title of Padishah in 1507-1526, ruler of Transoxiana in 1497-1498 and 1511-1512, ruler of Kandahar in 1512-1526, Padishah of Hindustan in 1526-1530.
Having lost his father early, who died by a ridiculous accident, 12-year-old Babur in a difficult situation, without experience, fought for power in his lot. However, his ambitions to become the head of the entire Transoxiana were so great that at a young age he decided to fight for power. He had the idea to recreate the former Timurid empire with its capital in Samarkand, where his cousin Baysunkar mirza ruled. Babur described the influence of some representatives of the nobility on Baysunkar in the following way: "His mentor was, they say, Seyid Mahmud, a Shiite, so Baysunkar Mirza was also reproached [for heresy].