English Through Reading for efl learners
English Through Reading for EFL Learners
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Intermediate-Reading-Passages
English Through Reading for EFL Learners
INSTRUCTOR: DR. H. GHAEMI 43 Unit 15: Deserts of America Large parts of the western USA are covered in desert; and these deserts are growing. The United States has long been reluctant to follow the lead of other developed countries, in recognizing the threat of global warming; indeed, while things are slowly changing, there is still a strong lobby of conservative climate-change sceptics in the USA - encouraged by the election of Donald Trump - who argue that global warming is not man-made, so there is no point in bothering about it. But as dramatic climatic excesses cause increasing damage on America's coasts, and inland too, the problems are becoming too big to ignore. 1. IF GLOBAL WARMING turns out to be as serious as some scientists are now forecasting, camels might become the animals best able to live in much of the American West by the time the present century comes to an end. A mean temperature rise of six degrees, which certain computer models are now suggesting, might leave much of the United States of America, from the Mississippi to the Pacific coast, uninhabitable. In recent years, Americans living in parts of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico have had to get used to ever more frequent summer days with temperatures in excess of 100° Fahrenheit (over 38° Celsius); and most years now, long hot dry summers are leading to the destruction by fire of millions of acres of Western forests. Slowly, but perceptibly, the West is already returning to desert; it is a trend that seems liable to continue. 2. No one should really be very surprised about this, even without the additional problems due to global warming. Way back in 1878, John Wesley Powell, one of the early explorers of the deserts of the Southwest, warned of the dangers of settling the new lands to the west of west of the 100th meridian. Powell submitted a warning to Congress to this effect ten years later, but as often happens, short-term economic interests, not to say vested interests, meant that Powell's warning was not heeded. 3. In those days, the area now known as the "Great Plains" was more commonly referred to as the Great Desert. From the Rio Grande to the Canadian border, large parts of this region were virtually uninhabited and uninhabitable. Moving sand dunes were a common feature of the landscape, particularly in years of low rainfall. Yet despite the inhospitality of the terrain, from the mid nineteenth century onwards the area was progressively colonized by settlers who made use of any water course possible, to establish farms and homesteads, using irrigation and groundwater to make up for the dryness of the land, or growing plants such as alfalfa which did not require too much rainfall. Gradually, like a miracle, the taming of the desert began. In the twentieth century, a massive dam building programme was set in motion. In many cases, the dam building was on a gargantuan scale: on the Columbia River alone, as many as 55 dams were built, including the colossal Grand Coulee dam; and although a few early environmentalists pointed to the sheer folly of many of the projects, theirs were literally voices in the wilderness. Many powerful businessmen and speculators, often with friends in Congress, who had much to gain from the dam projects and the generous federal subsidies that often accompanied them, made sure that opposition to their projects was stifled. 4. Ironically, 100 years to the day after he explored the spectacular Glen Canyon on the Colorado River, Powell was honored in a manner that must have made him turn in his grave; the 250 kilometer long lake that had drowned the canyon was named Lake Powell. Thanks to the dams and the irrigation, agriculture began to flourish in areas where it should never have |
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