Environmental laboratory exercises for instrumental analysis and
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Environmental Laboratory Exercises for Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry
partial pressure of analyte ðatmÞ aqueous concentration ðmol=m 3 Þ ð4-1Þ By knowing any two of the quantities in the HLC equation, you can calculate the remaining variable. This can be very useful since most HLC values are known and either the partial pressure or aqueous solubility will be relatively easy to measure for a given analyte. Also by measuring the partial pressure and aqueous concentration for a given system and by knowing the HLC, you can tell which direction equilibrium is shifting (from the gas or aqueous phase). Approaches such as these have been used by researchers to study the atmosphere–water interactions for triazine (Thurman and Cromwell, 2000; Cooter et al., 2002), miscellaneous pesticides in Greece (Charizopoulos and Papadopoulou-Mourki- dou, 1999), miscellaneous pesticides in the Chesapeake Bay (Harman-Fetcho et al., 2000; Bamford et al., 2002), dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Baikal (Mamontov et al., 2000), and PCBs in the Great Lakes (Subhash et al., 1999). Thus, although the HLC is simple in concept, it is also an important environmental modeling parameter. THEORY In 1979, Mackay et al. introduced a new gaseous purge technique for determining Henry’s law constants for hydrophobic compounds. This technique has been used to determine HLCs for a variety of pesticides, hydrocarbons, and PCBs. The technique uses a vessel such as the Sherer impinger shown in Figure 4-1. In your experiments, 300 mL of analyte-containing solution will be added to the impinger. One or multiple analytes can be analyzed in a single experiment. The system is sealed with a ground-glass joint, and pure gas is purged through the solution at a rate of 0.500 L/min. The use of ultrapure gas is recommended, but normal-grade gas can be used and purified by placing a Tenax resin tube immediately prior to the gas entry port. As the purge gas enters the system, it passes through a glass frit, and the small bubbles that result equilibrate with the analytes dissolved in the aqueous solution, thus stripping the analytes from the solution. The gas containing the analytes passes through the solution and exits the impinger at the top. A resin tube containing Tenax resin is positioned at the exit port to remove the analytes from the gas stream. The resin tubes are changed with respect to time, thus allowing a time-dependent profile of the removal of analytes from the solution. Subsequently, the Tenax tubes are extracted with acetone, followed by isooctane, which strips the analyte into solution. The isooctane layer is analyzed on a capillary column gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. 34 DETERMINATION OF HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS There are several basic assumptions that allow calculation of the HLC from the purge experiment. These assumptions include (1) that the volume of water in the impinger does not change significantly during the experiment (2) that equilibrium is established between the aqueous and gas phases before the gas exits the solution (3) that a constant known temperature (isothermal) is used for the purge vessel, and (4) that Henry’s law is obeyed over the relevant analyte concentration range. These assumptions can easily be established. The release of analytes from solution follows a first-order rate law, represented by M t ¼ M i & M i e &kt ð4-2Þ where M t is the mass of analyte purged (ng) at time t, M i is the total initial mass of analyte, k is the depletion rate (day &1 or hour &1 ), and t is time (days or hour). However, equation (4-2) is used only to monitor the removal of analyte with time Figure 4-1. Sherer impinger. THEORY 35 and to ensure that most of the analyte has been removed (i.e., that a plateau has been reached in the purge profile, allowing the estimation of the total mass of analyte originally in the impinger). Such a purge profile is shown in Figure 4-2 for 2,2 0 -dichlorobiphenyl. After a stable plateau has been reached, the purge experi- ment is stopped and the data are analyzed according to Mackay et al. (1979). The raw data from Figure 4-2 are shown in Table 4-1 and are transformed into a ln ðC=C 0 Þ plot [see equation (4-3)] to estimate the depletion rate constant. As seen in equation (4-4), the depletion rate constant is defined as a function of the HLC, gas flow rate, ideal gas law constant, solution volume, and temperature. ln ðC=C 0 Þ ¼ &Dr " t ð4-3Þ ln ðC=C 0 Þ ¼ &ðHLC " G=VRTÞt ð4-4Þ where C ¼ cumulative analyte concentration (mass, ng) removed from the system at time t C 0 ¼ total analyte concentration (mass, ng) in the original solution (at t ¼ 0) (obtained from Figure 4-2) Dr ¼ depletion rate constant t ¼ time (days or hours) HLC ¼ Henry’s law constant G ¼ gas flow rate (0.500 L/min) V ¼ solution volume (0.300 L) R ¼ ideal gas law constant (0.08206 L"atm/mol"K) T ¼ temperature (K) A linear regression is performed on the time versus ln ðC=C 0 Þ data to obtain the depletion rate constant (slope of the line). In Figure 4-3 this results in a depletion rate constant of 0.879 h &1 for 2,2 0 -DCB. Using equation (4-4) and the experimental conditions given below it, we obtain a HLC for 2,2 0 -DCB of 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Download 5.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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