Environmental Management: Principles and practice

Participants in environmental management
235

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CONTENTS
vi
13
Environmental management approaches
249
14
The way ahead
261
References
273
Index
321

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vii
Figures and boxes
Figures
1.1
A typical scheme of practice adopted for environmental management
6
2.1
Time horizon of the World3 model
23
2.2
Major decision-making steps in a typical environmental management
process
26
3.1
Corporate environmental management: the parties involved
32
3.2
Ecolabelling
39
3.3
The Antarctic: (a) territorial claims; (b) possible economic zones to
200 nautical miles, and limit of Antarctic Treaty
53
4.1
EMAS eco-audit award logo
67
4.2
Basic environmental management system approach
73
4.3
The basic provisions of the EU’s EMAS
73
5.1
The elements of total economic value
77
5.2
A classification of environmental resources
81
6.1
How impact assessment fits into planning
99
6.2
Relationship of EIA, technology assessment, social forecasting and
SIA
100
6.3
Relationships, exchanges of information and methodologies for EIAs,
environmental audits, systems of national accounts and
state-of-the-environment reports
100
6.4
A comparison of SEA and EIA
122
6.5
Stages in and links between policy-, plan- and programme-making
and SEA
123
7.1
Cape Disappointment, South Georgia
129
7.2
Natural system and social system relationship
130

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FIGURES AND BOXES
viii
7.3
A glacier calving into the sea
134
7.4
Abrupt boundary between cleared lowland tropical rainforest and
young oil-palm plantation, Malaysia
141
9.1
The relations between ecosystem components
171
9.2
The conventional approach to studying ecosystems
173
9.3
Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Action Programme
181
10.1
Alpine resort of Cervinia, Italy
195
10.2
Overgrazed land, High Atlas Mountains, Morocco
196
10.3
Vegetation damage leading to soil degradation
198
11.1
Landfill refuse disposal site, Belgium
213
11.2
Sungai Besi tin mine south of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
216
12.1
Tucuruí Dam, Amazonian Brazil, before completion
242
12.2
Links between major factors influencing environmental degradation
243
13.1
Linkages of levels in sustainable development tasks
257
14.1
What the world wants—and how to pay for it
268
14.2
Singapore
269
Boxes
1.1
Some definitions of environmental management
5
1.2
Some definitions of sustainable development
8
2.1
Approaches to environmental management
20
3.1
Business Charter for Sustainable Development
35
3.2
Forms of regulation or legislation
43
3.3
Agreements made at the Earth Summit, 1992
50
3.4
A selection of treaties, agreements, etc., relating to environmental
management
52
4.1
Types of eco-audit
68
4.2
Eco-audit-environmental management system standards
70
5.1
Curitiba City, Brazil
78
5.2
The positive and negative effects of free trade on environmental
management
90
5.3
Clash between free trade and environmental management
92
6.1
An overview of EIA
96
6.2
Typical step-wise EIA process
97
6.3
The 1969 US National Environmental Policy Act
102
7.1
Ecological concepts and parameters which are useful for
environmental management
139
8.1
Common property resource
156
8.2
Some common green characteristics
158
8.3
Concepts dealing with human-environment relations
163
8.4
Broad groupings of greens
164
9.1
Advantages and disadvantages of the ecosystem approach
177
9.2
How the ecosystem approach can advise the environmental manager
178

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FIGURES AND BOXES
ix
11.1
The polluter-pays principle, NIMBY and NIABY
209
12.1