Eurasian journal of academic research

Chapter I Peculiarities of headlines
1.1 Headline: definition of headlines
Sometimes one heading isn't enough to summarize important information, so add a second heading in smaller type below the first. It's called a subtitle.
syntax:
Different newspaper editors prefer slightly different types of headlines. The average headline in The Times (8-9 words) is longer than most newspapers and strongly supports the syntax (structure) of typical English sentences.
Subject-Verb- (Complete). US bombs Baghdad. The second form of heading is a noun phrase without a verb.
Killer stick!
Or, more generally, is or contains a prepositional phrase.
stabbing in the jungle
Headings are often oval. It means that some words have been omitted to shorten sentences or sentences. The prime ministers of both countries agreed to meet.The verb is often omitted.
Otsuki was convicted of murder.
verb:
It is usually present tense and emphasizes the immediacy of the story. The infinitive is used to convey the future tense.
Liz Taylor, her eighth husband, is getting married this week.
Headings in the present tense are sometimes written in the passive voice to emphasize the subject. The mayor of Westchester is said to be dying.
Numbers may appear alone and refer to multiple people.
Quit smoking efforts save her $3 million. or earlier:
A 6-year-old boy dies after being run over by his 18-wheeler. Fun with words.
Alliteration:
It turns into lard and makes you feel better, experts say. Sad Socks Battle Bronx Bombers.
Official document style and its substyles.
1) the language of the business letter;
2) language of legal documents;
3) the language of diplomacy;
4) language of military documents;
the goal:

1. To reach an agreement between the two Contracting Parties. 

2. Set the terms that bind the two parties to the contract. Each of the official documentation substyles uses specific terminology. Legal documents:
Military and diplomatic documents. These documents use established terminology dating back to the early Victorian era. This vocabulary is conservative. Legal documents contain many formal archaic words that are used in dictionary sense. In diplomatic and legal documents, many words are of Latin or French origin. There are many abbreviations and traditional symbols.
The most striking feature of grammar is its compositional patterns. Each document has its own stereotype format. The form itself is informative and tells us what kind of letter we are dealing with.
A business letter contains:
Headings, salutations, greetings, introductions, body texts, conclusions, compliments, signatures. The syntactic features of business letters are the predominance of extended simple and complex sentences, extensive use of participatory structures, and homogeneous members.
Morphological features are passive constructions that make characters impersonal. I tend to avoid pronoun references. Their typical feature is to assemble equally important elements and subdivide them into members to avoid ambiguity of misinterpretation.
Scientific prose style.
There are three subdivisions of scientific prose style.

1) the style of the humanities;

2) The style of "exact" science.
3) General scientific prose style.
Its function is to resolve and justify theoretically objective knowledge of reality. The goal of communication is to create new concepts and reveal international laws of existence.
Special features are:
objectivity; logical consistency, impersonality, emotionless character, accuracy.
vocabulary. The use of terms and words used to express certain concepts in certain scientific disciplines. Terminology is not necessarily so. They may be borrowed from colloquial language, but acquire new meanings.
Academic prose styles consist primarily of common words that tend to be used in a logical sense. Sentiment varies depending on the subject of study, but scholarly prose styles are mostly emotionless.
grammar:
The logical expression and cohesiveness of thought are manifested in the developed features of scientific syntax, the use of established patterns.
- assumption;
- formulation;
- Likes to fight;
The impersonal, objective character of the scientific prose style is reflected in the frequent use of passive structures, impersonal sentences. Personal phrases are more commonly used in exact science. In the humanities, we do come across structures, but only a few.
Placing sentences in parallel helps emphasize a particular point in an utterance.
The text style features are:

- use of citations and references;

- Use footnotes to keep your ideas logically consistent.
Compared to the "exact" sciences, the humanities use more emotionally colored language and less passive structures. Scientifically popular styles have the following characteristics:
Emotional words, colloquial style elements. 
fiction style. (style of fiction) includes:
1) poetry; 2) acting; 3) emotional prose. The B-L style, or imaginative literary style, can be called the richest communicative register.
In addition to its own linguistic resources not used in other areas of communication, b-l st. Since many literary works contain elements of scientific, formulaic, and other functional linguistic forms, they also use many other styles. In addition to the informative and persuasive features found in other functional styles, the b-l style has a unique role of making an aesthetic impression on the reader. The form becomes meaningful and contains additional information. The endless ways of expressing one's thoughts and feelings make the b-l style a very attractive field of study for linguists.
In each of its concrete representations, the style of fiction serves an aesthetic function that distinguishes this style from others, giving reason to recognize its systematic uniqueness.
Social, stylistic, and regional variations of English.
Local variant of English in the British Isles. The British Isles have several regional English languages ​​that have evolved from Old English regional dialects. They have 6 groups.
Lowlands/Scottish/, North, West, Midlands, East, South. Locals use these varieties orally. Only the Scottish dialect has its own literary /R. Bern /. One of the most famous dialects of British English is the London-Cockney dialect. Some features of this dialect can be seen in the first act of B. Shaw's "Pygmalion."

- swapping /v/ and /w/ (well vell);

- Swap /f/ or /v/ with /th/ (fing/thing, fave/fave).
- Swap /h/ and /-/ ("Heart" for "Earth", "Art" for "Heart").
- Replace diphthongs /ai/ with /ei/ ("日" is pronounced /dai/).
- Replace /au/ with /a.
/ ("House" is pronounced /ha.
S/)
- Replace /ou/ with /o.
/ ("don't" is pronounced /do:
nt/)
Another characteristic of Cockney is rhyming slang.
"Hat" is "tit back", "woman" is "trouble and strife", "head" is "bread", and so on.
Peter Wain writes in his Education Guardian about the accents spoken by college teachers. It has several characteristics.
Vowels are more central than overseas English ("bleck het"/"black hat"/), and some diphthongs are also different ("house" is pronounced /hais/). Less effort on /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/.
Because people are constantly moving from one part of the country to another, American English is virtually uniform across the country. However, we can point out some characteristics of the New York dialect, such as:

There is no difference between /a/ and /a:

/ in words:
"ask" "dance" "sanden" "bad" phonemes are possible.
Word combination "ir":
The word "learn" is pronounced "bird", "girl" and "ear" /oi/ (/boid/, /goil/, /loin/).
/j/ in "duty" and "tune" is not pronounced (/du:
t/,/t:
N/). 25. British and American English.
There are some differences in the use of prepositions between British and American English. B. Prepositions including dates, days of the week.
- BE requires "on" /I start my holiday on Friday/ There is no preposition /I start myvacation Friday/ in American English.
- BE uses "Day", "Night"/"Night". In AE, the corresponding formats are "Day" and "Night". 
- BE says "at home", but AE uses - "at home".
- "Quarter to Five" in BE and "Quarter to Five" in AE.
- Say "on the road" in BE and "on the road" in AE.
- Say "chat with someone" in BE and "chat with someone" in AE.
- In BE we say "different from something", in AE we say "different from something". There are also different lexical units that refer to the same term.
- BE - "pants", AE - "pants";
- In BE "trousers" is "трусы", in AE "shorts" and in BE "shorts" are outerwear. This can lead to misunderstandings.
There are some differences in place names (BE-AE):

Aisle – Hall

Column Box - Mailbox
Studio - Bad Sitter
Elevated - Elevated
sidewalk – sidewalk
intersection - intersection
Cinema – Movies
Room – Apartment
pipe - underground
subway
Different educational institutions lead to different terminology.
- BE "public schools" are actually private schools. It is a fee-charging school that is not controlled by local education authorities. AE "Public School" is a free community school.
・BE "elementary school" is AE "elementary school".
・BE "junior high school" is AE "high school".
- “Student graduates from middle school” for BE and “Student graduates from high school” for AE. At BE, you can graduate from a university or teacher training college and earn a degree to earn a degree.
- UK students majoring with minors for an honors degree. Students in the United States earn credits by completing a number of courses at a university and must earn a total of 36 credits to earn a degree.
spelling difference.
English spelling reform in American English was introduced by the famous American lexicographer Noah Webster, who published the first dictionary in 1806Here are his suggestions adopted for English spelling:

- Removal of letter 'u' in words ending in 'our'. Honor, Favor;

- Deletion of his second consonant in words containing double consonants. travelers, carriages,
- Replace "re" with "er" in words of French origin. theater, center,
- Removal of unspoken endings in terms derived from romance (e.g. catalogues, programs,
- e) Replace 'ce' with 'se' in words of Romance origin.
- d) Removal of native language implicit endings. Both, both.
difference in pronunciation.
In American English, the following combinations have perfectly distinct vowels for the r color:
ar, er, ir, or ur, our, etc. In BE before fricatives and in combination with fricatives, "a" is pronounced as /a.
/, pronounced /e/ in AE (e.g. class, dance, answer, quick, etc.). There are some differences in the tension position.

Become AE Become AE

Address Address Laboratory 'Lab
re'cess 'recession re'search'
in'quiry'inquiry'excess'excess
Some words in BE and AE are pronounced differently.

Become AE Become AE

/'fju:
tail/ /'fju:
t l/ /'dousail / /dos l/
/Kula:
k/ /kl rk/ /'fig / /figyer/
/ 'le3 // le:
3 r/ /left nt/ /lu:
Lessee/
to /nai/ /:
r//sheju:
l/ /skedyu:
l/
style and translation.
As we already know, there is a wide variety of stylistic devices that can be used in texts. Of course, this does not mean that there are not many problems that translators have to solve when dealing with stylistic peculiarities of text translated from a source language (SL) to a target language (TL). . Surprisingly, despite the apparent variety of stylistic tricks, only two really speak for the stylistic aspects of translation. First, translators should preserve in their translations the stylistic features of the source text that indicate that it belongs to a particular functional style. However, there is one caveat here.
Preserving the properties characteristic of a particular functional style of SL in the final text, i.e. the translated text, must meet the requirements of the same functional style of TL. Note that the same functional style may have slightly different properties in SL and TL. In other words, it is unwise to transfer only stylistic features from the source text to the target text. In order for the target text to meet the genre and style requirements of TL, some stylistic transformations are usually required. 
Second, there is always the problem of transferring specific stylistic devices (mainly idioms and stylistically colored lexical items) from one language to another. Not all of them have counterparts in other languages. And even if they do exist, they do not meet the functional style requirements specified in the TL, so that these correspondences in the target text may prove inappropriate, or they may simply be inconsistent to the reader of the final text. may not be available. As the saying goes, "What's good for Russians kills Germans." Translators are therefore free to choose what means they use to preserve in their translation the stylistic coloring produced by the original particular means, without violating the rules established by the functional. You are expected to make decisions on an individual case basis. TL and manufacturing make the text inconsistent and incomprehensible. Note, however, that different functional styles of text use different sentences 1 of stylistic devices that are not exactly identical. This simplifies the translation process in some cases and complicates it in others. Text belonging to a particular functional style is a very important factor in translation. As a result, the two stylistic aspects of translation are actually linked and interwoven in such a way that they can no longer be separated.