Ex 1 Say the alphabet round the class

Izoh: Quyidagi birikmalarda ham “at” predlogi ishlatiladi: at night – tunda, at the weekend – hafta so’ngida, at week-ends – hafta oxirlarida, at Chiristmas – Milod kunida, at Easter – Pasxa bayramida, at Navruz – Navro’zda, at the moment – ayni paytda, at present – hozirda, at the same time – bir paytda, at the age of – yoshida.
2. Sana va hafta kunlari nomlari oldidan “ON” predlogi ishlatiladi. Oy nomlari oldidan raqam kelganda ham “on” predlogi ishlatiladi: on 12 March – 12chi martda, on Fridays – juma kunlarida, on Christmas day – Milod kunida. (Lekin: at Christmas).
3. Quyidagi birikmalar oldidan ham “on” predlogi ishlatiladi: on Friday morning – juma tongida, on Sunday afternoon – yakshanba peshinda, on Monday evening – dushanba kechqurun, on Saturday night – shanba kuni tunda.
4. Uzunroq vaqt oraliqlariga, ya’ni oy, yil, fasl nomlari oldidan “IN” predlogini ishlatamiz: in April – Aprelda, in 1968 – 1968 yilda, in (the) winter – qishda, in the 18^th century – 18inchi asrda, in the 1970s – 1970inchi yillarda, in the Middle Ages – o’rta asrlarda.
Izoh: Quyidagi birikmalarda ham “IN” predlogi ishlatiladi: in the morning – ertalabda, in the afternoon – tushlikdan keyin, in the evening – kechqurunda (lekin: on Friday morning).
5. Next (kelasi) va last (o’tgan) so’zlari oldidan at/on/in predloglarini ishlatmaymiz: I’ll come next Friday. Men kelasi juma kunida kelaman. They got married last year. Ular o’tgan yili uylangan edi.
6. Kelajakdagi vaqtni bildiradigan birikmalar oldidan ham “IN” predlogi ishlatiladi. Bu birikmalar kelajakni ifodalaganda ularda kelgan “in” predlogi “keyin” deb tarjima qilinadi: in a week – bir haftadan keyin, in a month – bir oydan keyin, in a few minutes – bir necha daqiqadan keyin, in the future – kelajakda, in six months – olti oydan keyin, in a week’s time – bir haftalaik vaqtdan keyin, (in the past – o’tgan zamonda).
Lekin: I learnt to drive in four weeks. Men mashina haydashni 4 hafta ichida o’rgandim.
1. By predlogi vaqtni ifodalaydigan so’zlarning oldidan ishlatilganda “-gacha” deb tarjima qilinadi. By predlogi biror ish-harakatning o’sha vaqtdan kechiktirilmasdan bajarilishini bildiradi. By = not later than: I posted the letter, so they should receive it by Monday. (on Monday or before Monday, on Monday at the least). Men xatni jo’natdim, shuning uchun ular uni Dushanbagacha olsa kerak. (dushanba kuni yoki dushanbadan oldin, eng kechi bilan dushanba kuni).
2. “-gacha” ma’nosida until (till) predlogi ishlatiladi. Until (till) predlogi biror vaziyatning qancha vaqt davom etishini ifodalaydi: Shall we go now? No, we shall wait until (till) it stops raining. Hozir ketamizmi? Yo’q, biz yomg’ir to’xtaguncha kutamiz.
3. UNTIL va BY predloglarini qiyoslaganimizda shu ma’lum bo’ladiki. Until predlogi biror ish-harakatning belgilangan vaqtgacha aniq davom etishi va aynan belgilangan vaqtda tugashini bildiradi. BY esa biror ish-harakatning belgilangan vaqtdan oldin ham tugab qolishini, eng kechi bilan belgilangan vaqtda tugashini biladiradi: Tom will be away until Monday. Tom Dushanbagacha safarda bo’ladi (u aynan Dushanba kuni qaytadi, undan oldin qaytmaydi). Tom will be back by Monday. Tom Dushanbagacha qaytib keladi. (u Dushanbadan oldin qaytib kelishi ham mumkin).
4. BY predlogi quyidagi vaqtni ifodalovchi so’zlar bilan kelib birikmalar hosil qiladi: by the time – vaqtgacha, paytgacha, by then – ungacha, o’shangacha, by that time – o’sha paytgacha: Anvar finally arrived at the party at midnight. But by then (or by that time) most of the guests had left. Anvar va nihoyat yarim kechasi ziyofatga yetib keldi. Lekin ungacha mehmonlarning ko’pchiligi ketib qolgan edi.