Exclamation Intonation
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Puzzle • Intonation seems to be a critical component of the realization of exclamation. Consider the following minimal pair: John arrived on time • Given this contrast, we should explore the intonation of exclamation in hopes of moving towards a more fully compositional semantic analysis • Similar work by Gunlogson 2004, Condoravdi & Lauer 2012, Ahn et al. 2016, among others, for other utterance types 2 What’s exclamation! • They’re generally thought to be encoding surprise or unexpectedness • (1) and (2) form a minimal pair with respect to exclamation: 1. Jane solved the problem. assertion 2. a. (Wow,) Jane solved the problem! sentence exclamation b. (Wow,) How quickly J solved the problem! wh-exclamative c. (Wow,) Did Jane solve the problem! inversion exclamative d. (Wow,) The problem Jane solved! nominal exclamative • Exclamatives have construction-specific morpho-syntactic attributes (Michaelis & Lambrecht 1996) • Exclamatives involve an extreme degree interpretation (Rett 2011) 3 Overview • We looked at the intonation contours of exclamations with the goal of investigating the relationship between the prosodic and semantic features of exclamation • We find three key intonational differences between assertions and exclamations, all of which conspire to indicate that the proposition violates speaker expectations: 1. L+H* • Assertion (H*) with added salience (L+H rise) (Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg, 1990) 2. Extra-high targets • Pitch targets well exceed default pitch range 3. Insertion of extra intermediate phrase boundaries • Extra prominence by elevating more pitch accents to nuclear status 4 Background: Intonation in English • We use the MAE_ToBI (Mainstream American English Tone and Break Indices, Beckman et al., 2004) system to discuss English intonation • English is a pitch-accented language • Pitch accents mark post-lexical emphasis via intensity, segment articulation, and F0 pitch targets (Ayers, 1996; Ladd, 2008) • Pitch accents are autosegmental and associate with stressed syllables (*) • Native speakers perceive pitch accented words as more prominent • English has two primitive post-lexical tones (H and L) that combine to form 5 pitch accent types. Of interest today: • H* • L+H* 5 Background: Intonation in English • English has two levels of prosodic phrasing above the word (intermediate phrase (ip), Intonational Phrase (IP)) • Each Intonational Phrase contains at least one intermediate phrase, and each intermediate phrase contains at least one pitch accent • Each IP and ip contributes a final boundary tone (H-, L-, H%, L%) • The final pitch accent in an intermediate phrase is known as the Nuclear Pitch Accent (NPA) and is perceived as more prominent 6 IP ip ip [This is a sentence] [with two ips] H* H* H* H- L- L% Methodology • We hired a linguistically naïve consultant to read a series of exclamations: • Varied in length (short, medium, long) • Varied the presence or absence of discourse particle “Wow,…” • Included all four syntactic constructions • 23 sentences total (1 short inversion excluded due to speech error) • Embedded in contexts that licensed exclamation • Counterbalanced with unrelated fillers 7 Items • Short: 1. (Wow,) John bakes delicious desserts! 2. (Wow,) What delicious desserts John bakes! 3. (Wow,) Can John bake desserts! 4. (Wow,) The desserts that man bakes! • Medium: • (Wow,) Liliana bakes delicious creme brulee! • Long: • (Wow,) Liliana has a ridiculous amount of shoes! • (Wow,) How ridiculously many shoes Liliana has! 8 Background: Default pitch range • A speaker’s Download 0.84 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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