Exclamation Intonation
Download 0.84 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
1 2
Bog'liq17877344 (1)
default pitch range is the fundamental frequency range
they employ in unmarked prosodic contexts (e.g. falling declaratives, polar questions, wh-questions) • Our consultant’s default pitch range was 80-200Hz: in line with reported male speaker pitch range (Traunmüller & Eriksson, 1995) • Established consultant’s default pitch range via filler items 9 Feature 1: L+H* • L+H* is the most salient pitch accent type (Ayers, 1996) • Highly prominent due to the steep rise ending in a high target on the stressed vowel • Out of 82 total pitch accents in the 23 target items, 59 were L+H*/L+!H* • Next most common PA was H*/!H* (n=20) 10 Feature 2: extra-high targets • Recall that Jimmy’s default pitch range is 80-200HZ • We define an extra-high target (EHT) as >220Hz • Short: 2 EHT (2/7 items) • Medium: 8 EHT (6/8 items) • Long: 15 EHT (8/8 items) 11 Feature 2: extra-high targets • Extra-high targets are an important feature of exclamation • High targets that aren’t high enough lose the feeling of note-worthiness. • Follows previous work on the interpretation of L*+H L-H% contour shifting based on pitch range (Hirschberg & Ward, 1992) • Phonetics/phonology side notes: • Possible evidence that MAE_ToBI transcription is too coarse • We remain agnostic about whether this is an instance of pitch range expansion such as in focus in Mandarin (Jin, 1996) or accentual boost as found in Japanese (Kubuzono, 2007) 12 (1) (2) Feature 3: extra ip-boundary insertions • Exclamations include more ip-boundaries than we would expect from default declarative intonation. • Recall that in English, the final PA in an ip is the nuclear PA. The nuclear pitch accent is perceived as the most prominent PA in the ip. • Prosodic boundaries in both Seoul Korean (Jun, 2011) and in Yanbian Korean (Jun and Jiang, to appear) can be inserted for reasons of focus/prominence marking in addition to alignment with syntactic structure • We propose that these additional ips are being inserted in exclamation to mark more content as prominent. 13 Feature 3: extra ip-boundary insertions • The words marked with NPAs were often the words associated with L+^H* pitch accents • The most frequently NPA-marked words included: • delicious, desserts (short) • delicious, (crème) brulee (medium) • Ridiculous(ly), shoes (long) • Additional evidence for extra ip-boundary insertion included the presence of a phrase accent (L-) and larger junctures 14 Feature 3: extra ip-boundary insertions 15 Conclusions • There are four different types of exclamations, if you think about them syntactically • But, perhaps surprisingly, they’re unified in their prosodic realizations 1. L+H* 2. Extra-high targets 3. Insertion of extra ip boundaries • There’s a little bit of independent work to show, for each of these, that they conspire towards the same goal of making the utterance extremely phonetically and phonologically prominent and thereby semantically salient • We argue that this is the most natural phonetic reflex of an intonation contour whose function it is to mark unexpectedness 16 Acknowledgments • Thank you to our consultants, Jimmy Kelly and Connor Mayer, as well as Adam Royer, Sun-Ah Jun, and the members of the UCLA Contouring Club and Semantics Tea for their helpful feedback. This research was funded by a UCLA Committee on Research grant. 17 References • Ahn, B., Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. and Veillieux, N. 2016. Evidence and intonational contours: an experimental approach to meaning in intonation. • Ayers, G. M. 1996. Nuclear accent types and prominence: some psycholinguistic experiments. • Beckman, M. and Hirschberg, J. and Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. 2005. The original TOBI system and the evolution of the TOBI framework. • Condoravdi, C. and Lauer, S. 2012. Imperatives: meaning and illocutionary force. • Gunlogson, C. 2004. True to form: rising and falling declaratives as questions in English. • Hirschberg, J. and Ward, G. 1992. The influence of pitch, range, duration, amplitude, and spectral features on the interpretation of the rise-fall-rise intonation contour in English. • Jin, S. 1996. An Acoustic Study of Sentence Stress in Mandarin Chinese. • Jun, S.-A. and Jiang, X. To appear. Differences in prosodic phrasing in marking syntax vs. focus: Data from Yanbian Korean. • Kubozono, H. 2007. Focus and intonation in Japanese: Does focus trigger pitch reset. • Ladd, D. 2008. Intonational phonology. • Michaelis, L. and Lambrecht, K. 1996. The exclamative sentence type in English. • Pierrehumbert, J. and Hirschberg, J. 1990. The meaning of intonational contours in the interpretation of discourse. • Rett, J. 2011. Exclamatives, degrees, and speech acts. • Traunmüller, H., & Eriksson, A. 1995. The frequency range of the voice fundamental in the speech of male and female adults. 18 Download 0.84 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
1 2
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2025
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling