Faculty of air transport engineering the department of «air navigation systems»

1.3. Influence of aircraft on atmosphere.
1.3.1 Environmental Pollutions of atmosphere.
One of the most active sources of atmospheric pollution is transport. Although today aviation is significant (about 15 times) inferior to road transport in terms of the amount of pollutants released into the air, it affects the ecology of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere on a daily basis. Unlike other modes of transport, aviation covers vast distances, affecting air quality locally, regionally, and globally. At the same time, the impact of aviation on the atmosphere can be divided into acoustic and chemical.
In 1972, at the United Nations Conference on the Environment in Stockholm, the position of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was stated as follows: "In fulfilling its role, ICAO is aware of the harmful environmental impacts that may be associated with the operation of aircraft, as well as its responsibilities and the responsibility of ICAO Member States to achieve maximum compatibility between the safe and orderly development of civil aviation and the quality of the human environment." Following this position, CAEP (Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection),
the technical committee of the ICAO Council for the Protection of the environment from the effects of aviation, was established in 1983. The Committee helps the Council formulate policies and adopt new ICAO regulatory documents-
Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) - related to aircraft noise, aircraft engine emissions and the more general impact of aviation on the environment. Basically, these documents are issued in the form of Annex 16 "Environmental Protection" to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.
Aviation noise is the most important factor in the negative attitude of the population to aviation in the territories adjacent to the airport. It affects a relatively large number of people living in the surrounding area, as well as airport employees and passengers. Aircraft noise has a negative impact on people's health (most often it is hearing impairment, stress conditions, problems associated with concentration). The ICAO aviation noise Policy includes the development of measures to mitigate acoustic pollution: the introduction of noise reduction technologies, ground planning (for example, bans on flights at night), the tightening of noise standards for the existing fleet of aircraft, and the development of standards for new aircraft models. At one time, due to the introduction of strict standards for aviation noise, Russia lost the opportunity to operate domestic aircraft for international flights, which dealt a huge blow to the domestic aircraft industry. Currently, fundamentally new aircraft designs and engine concepts are being developed [3], manufacturers strive to ensure that their products meet the highest requirements of environmental standards.
The standards and recommended practices for aviation noise are set out in the first volume of Annex 16. Here the permissible noise levels and the method of their measurement for aircraft of various categories are formulated (the year of production, the number of engines and their type, the values of the maximum certified take-off weight of the aircraft are taken into account).
For the development of noise reduction technologies, a Group of independent experts created by CAEP has formulated medium-term (until 2020) and long-term (until 2030) technological goals. They represent the standards that will be mandatory for four categories of aircraft in 2030. The objectives are shown in the form of noise reduction values relative to the limit parameters of the nominal and maximum take-off weight. The noise level is measured in units of EPN db – the effectively perceived noise level in decibels. Given that in 2014 [4] these levels, depending on the type of aircraft, were 89-106 EHN db, it becomes obvious how radically ICAO is going to deal with acoustic pollution of the atmosphere.