Abu Rayxon Beruniy ta'lim tarbiya haqida glossariy
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Abu Rayxon Beruniy GLOSSARIY
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- GLOSSARY OF TERMS SURVEY
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Oriyentirlash – joydagi biror chiziqning boshlang’ich deb qabul qilingan chiziqqa
nisbatan yo’nalishni aniqlash. Karta – Yer yuzining va uning ayrim katta qismining sferik yuzaga tushirilgan proyeksiyasining qog’ozdagi kichraytirilgan tasviri. Plan – Yer yuzi kichik qismining tekislikdagi gorizontal proyeksiyasining qog’ozdagi kichraytirilgan tasviridir. 4
uzunliklarni bir necha marta kichraytirib qog’ozga tushirish orqali chiziladi. Uzunlikni kichraytirib yoki kattalashtirib ifodalashtirishdir. S’yomka – Joydagi predmetlarningbir biriga nisbatan gorizontal va vertikal tekislik bo’yicha joylashish vaziyatlarini aniqlash uchun bajariladigan geodezik o’lchash ishlarining yig’indisi. GLOSSARY OF TERMS SURVEY ABRIS (it. Abris), schematic plan, made by hand, with the designation of field measurement data needed to construct an accurate plan or profile. ALTITUDE point of the earth's surface (altitude), distance (usually in meters) vertically from this point to the average level of the surface of the ocean. The Russian Federation is calculated from zero tide gauge in Kronstadt. Azimut (Arabic: al-sumut, plural of al-Samten -. The way, the direction) of the object, the direction angle (azimuth) between the plane of the meridian of the observation point and the vertical plane passing through this point and the observed object. It is measured from north (Surveying) or from the south (in astronomy) clockwise from up to about 36 ° °. In determining the so-called magnetic azimuth instead of geographic meridian plane take the plane of the magnetic meridian. Azimuthal, map projection, which parallels the normal grid - concentric circles, and meridians - their radii diverging from a common center parallel angles, equal to the difference in longitude. Normal azimuthal projection used for maps of the polar regions, transverse and oblique azimuthal projection - Card earth hemispheres, continents, starry sky, moon and other planets. Alidade (Ar.), Ruler or a vernier microscopes at the ends of rotating about an axis passing through the center of goniometric limb in astronomical and geodetic instruments; It serves as a reference for angles. Altitude (from the Latin altitudo -. Height), the same as the absolute height. COLOURED anaglyph method (from the Greek anaglyphos -. Relief), obtaining stereoscopic (volume) image with 2 additional colors in the stained images constituting a stereo pair, considered through differently colored filters (colored glasses). It is used 5
of the relief on the geographical and geological maps, and others. ATLAS, 1) systematic collection of cards with explanatory text published in a volume or a set of individual sheets (for example, an atlas, an astronomical atlas). 2) Name of special albums - anatomical atlas, etc. AERIAL, surveying from aircraft with imaging systems (data receivers) working in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are photographic, television, thermal, radar and multispectral aerial surveys. Aerial photogrammetry, photogrammetry section, to explore ways of measurements of various objects from aerial photographs. Aerial photography, photographs (in all ranges of the optical spectrum) area with the aircraft. There are planned and prospective aerial photography. Aerial Imaging used in geodetic, geological studies, engineering surveys and others. AEROFOTOTOPOGRAFIYA, topography that studies methods for creating topographic maps from aerial photographs. BASIS - a line on the ground, measured with high accuracy and serves to determine the lengths of the sides of the geodesic network triangulation. BALTIC height of the system adopted in the Russian Federation system altitudes, dating to zero tide gauge in Kronstadt. Barometric leveling method for the approximate determination of the difference in height between the two points at atmospheric pressure values at these points. Bathymetric maps (from the Greek. Bathys deep and metreo measure) is displayed by means of underwater topography isobaths together with notes depths. BERGSHTRIHI (slope pointers), short strokes on the horizontals of topographic maps showing the direction down the hill. Block diagram, a perspective view of a portion of the earth's surface in conjunction with the geological section of the crust. Mainly used in the study of the relationship of the relief and geological structure. Bussola (fr. Boussole), a tool for measuring the magnetic azimuth directions in the field. Apply for geodetic works in surveying. 6
guidance goniometric, ranging or supervisory unit at a certain point in space. EAST (East Point), the point of intersection of the mathematical horizon with the celestial equator, which lies on the right (in the middle between points north and south) of the observer facing to the north; denoted B., O (it. Ost) or E (Eng. East). Earth's rotation (diurnal), the Earth's rotation on its axis from west to east, or counter-clockwise when viewed from the north pole of the world. The Earth's rotation causes day and night, determines the duration of the day. There is uneven, mainly under the influence of lunar and solar tides (tidal friction) the duration of the day increases continuously for 1-2 milliseconds per century, and due to seasonal changes (rainfall, etc.), and other tectonic processes during the year in the range 1-2 ms. The position of Earth's rotation axis, and therefore the geographic poles of the earth is changing due to precession and nutation. Generalization, selection and synthesis of the objects depicted on the map, highlighting their main typical features and characteristics. Heliotrope (from solar and Greek tropos -. Rotation, direction), the instrument, the main part of a flat mirror, which reflects the sun's rays from one point to another geodesic triangulation with. Geobotanical maps (vegetation map), display typological vegetation units (associations, groups, associations, formation) and their spatial combinations (complexes, combinations, rows). GEOGRAPHICAL BASIS OF MAPS, general geographic elements of thematic maps that are not in its special content and facilitate orientation and clarification of the laws of the phenomena of accommodation related to the theme of the card. Geographic grid, a set of meridians and parallels to the theoretically calculated surface of the earth ellipsoid, a sphere or globe. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), automated hardware and system's software that collect, store, process, display and rasprostranenieprostranstvenno- coordinated information. Maps, the earth's surface maps showing the location, condition and connection of various natural and social phenomena and their changes over time, the development and 7
(general and thematic), the scale - coarse (1: 200 000 and larger), medium (from 1: 200 000 and 1: 1 000 000 inclusive) and small-scale (smaller than 1: 1 000 000), as well as for other purposes (background, education, tourism) and other features. Geographical coordinates, latitude and longitude, determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Geographic latitude f - the angle between the vertical line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90 ° on both sides of the equator. Longitude l - the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the beginning of the plane of the meridian. Longitude 0 ° to 180 ° east of the meridian is called the beginning of the east, west - Western. SURVEYING THE DATE OF INITIAL geodetic coordinates of the starting point of geodetic network, geodetic azimuth direction on one of the adjacent points determined by astronomical, and the height of the geoid in the paragraph above the surface of the earth ellipsoid adopted. In the Russian Federation, the starting point adopted by the center of the round hall of the Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory, is the geoid height above the ellipsoid is considered to be zero. Survey markers, ground structures (in the form of pillars, pyramids, etc.) And underground devices (concrete monoliths), which are designated and are fixed on the ground geodetic points. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS (surveying instruments), mechanical, opto- mechanical, electro-optical and electronic devices for measuring the length of lines, angles and elevations to create geodetic control networks, conducting topographical survey, etc. Geodetic coordinates, latitude and longitude of the point of the earth's surface defined by geodetic measurements of distance and direction from a point with known geographic coordinates and elevation point with respect to the so-called reference ellipsoid. Geodetic points, a point on the earth's surface, whose position in the routine known coordinate system is defined by geodetic methods (triangulation, traverse, and others.) And fastened to the terrain geodesic sign. 8
surface extended under the continents. The surface of the geoid differs from the physical surface of the Earth, which pronounced the mountains and the ocean basin. Geological maps, geological structure display any portion of the upper crust. They are divided into proper geological maps showing the age, composition of rocks and the conditions of their occurrence; engineering-geological maps; Card minerals. By geological maps are also tectonic, lithological facies, metallogenic and others. Geometric leveling method by determining the elevation of sight horizontal beam by means of leveling the difference in height and the reference on the rails. The accuracy of reading on the rod I-2 mm (technical leveling) and up to 0, I mm (precision leveling). Geomorphological map, map relief of the earth's surface, its origin, age, shape and size. There are general geomorphological map a broad content and private compiled on individual features of the relief. Hydrogeological maps, display conditions of occurrence and distribution of groundwater; contain information about the quality and productivity of the aquifer, the position of ancient foundation water pumping systems, etc. GIDROIZOBATY, contour depths of the water table from the ground. Hydroisohypses, contour marks the water table relative to conventional zero surface. Hydroisopleth isolines soil moisture at various depths at various times; point equal water levels in different wells at different times. GIDROIZOTERMY isolines water temperature in the thicker rocks. Hydrological maps showing the distribution of water on Earth's surface, characterize the mode of water bodies and allow the assessment of water resources. Hypsometric maps, provide a geometrically accurate topography image with contour lines and coloring (on a certain color scale) tall steps. The visual SHOOT, simplified surveying carried out using a light plate, compass and target range for the approximate route plan or site areas. GLOBE (from Latin globus -. Ball), cartographic image on the surface of the sphere, preserving geometrical similarity contours and area ratio. There are: geographic 9
others. HORIZON (from the Greek. Horizon, b. P. Horizontos, letters. Limiting), the curve bounding the earth's surface, accessible eyes (visible horizon). The visible horizon increases with the height of the observation space and is usually located below the true (in mathematics) horizon - a great circle on the celestial sphere that intersects with the plane perpendicular to the vertical line at the point of observation. HORIZONTAL (contour line), closed curves line on a map connecting points of the earth's surface at the same altitude and in the aggregate transmit landforms. HORIZONTAL CAPTURE view of surveying, which generates a planned image areas without high-altitude characteristics of its relief. Isodynam (from iso and Greek dynamis -. Power), contours full of tension the earth's magnetic field and its components (horizontal, vertical, etc.) On magnetic cards. Isoclines (from the Greek iso and klino -. Cant), contours magnetic inclination on magnetic cards. Isoclines zero inclination determines the magnetic equator. Isolines (from iso), lines of equal values of any quantity on a map, chart or the vertical section. Isolines provide continuous characteristic phenomena in a certain period of time or point in time (for example, isobars isobath). They are used for mapping natural and socio-economic phenomena; They can be used for quantifying their characteristics and to analyze correlations between them. Isolux (from iso and Latin lux -. Light), contours of equal luminance, expressed in lux. Isoneph (from the Greek iso and nephos -. Cloud), contour lines, describing cloudy at some point or the average for some time. IZOPEKTIKI (from the Greek iso and pektos -. Hardened, frozen), contours dates freezing waters. Isopleths (from the Greek iso and plethos -. Set number), contours of a physical quantity, showing it as a function of two variables. Are constructed in a rectangular coordinate system in which the independent variables are laid along the axes. There are hronoizoplety (eg isopleth changes in soil temperature with depth for a certain period of 10
coast). Iso-surface, surface, passing through the points with the same value of any magnitude and characterize the distribution of this value in the space (for example, in the atmosphere, hydro- and lithosphere). Isoseismals (from the Greek iso and seistos -. Swayed), contour lines, describing the intensity of earthquakes. Isotachs (. Iso and from Greek tachos - speed), contour lines, describing the wind speed or flow of water. ISOTHERMAL (from the Greek iso and therme -. Heat), the line is in a state diagram showing the isothermal process. Isothermobath, contours of water temperature on the vertical sections of the water column of lakes, seas and oceans. Isotherm contours temperatures (air). IZOFENY (from the Greek iso and phaino -. Are showing), contour lines, describing the terms of the occurrence of any of phenological events (eg earrings hazel blooming). IZOHIONY (from the Greek iso and chion -. Snow), the thickness of the contour or the duration of snow cover. Isochronous, the timing of the contours of any geophysical or astronomical phenomena (such as the solar eclipse). Historical maps, indicate historical phenomena and events, eg., Placement of ancient cultures, countries, space battles, and others. Cartograms, a map showing the hatch (different thickness) or color (different degree of saturation) the average intensity of an index within each unit deposited on the territorial division of the card (eg population density by area). GRATICULES, the image on the map geographic meridians and parallels in a given map projection. It used to construct the cartographic image and allows to determine the coordinates of points on the map. Map projections, mathematical methods of image on the surface of the plane of the earth's ellipsoid or sphere. Map Projections define the relationship between the 11
inability to expand the surface of an ellipsoid (or sphere) on the plane without folds or tears on the map are inevitable distortion of the geometric properties of the depicted surface. Map Projections are distinguished: the nature of the distortion (conformal, of equal and arbitrary, including Equidistant); by type of image parallels and meridians (cylindrical, conical, azimuthal, polyconic, psevdokonicheskie, Pseudocylindrical, conditional). The use of various map projections depends on the purpose of the card, the configuration and position of the area being mapped. KARTODIAGRAMMA, a map showing a chart with the help of figures the total value of a statistic within each unit deposited on kartodiagrammu territorial division (eg the number of population by region, the area of arable land). Kartoshemy, simplified map (usually devoid of cartographic grid), the content of which is strictly limited to the elements that are important for the understanding of its plot. CARD (from the Greek chartes -. Sheet, roll), reduced generalized image the Earth's surface and other celestial bodies, or the celestial sphere on a plane in a given map projection and system of symbols. The most important means of scientific knowledge about the world and society. Telescopic alidade (it. Kippregel), geodesic instrument for Scribe directions and determine distances and elevations with plane-table survey. Climatic maps, display features of the climate area for many years, annual, seasonal, monthly data for the most part by means of contour lines. http://fayllar.org Download 194.18 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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