EXOPHORIC REFERENCES (Looking outward-outside the text) - The referent is not in the immediate context but is assumed by speaker/writer to be part of a shared world, in terms of knowledge and experience.
- Examples of exophora can be words like I, mine, you, we, which point to things (the speakers or the speakers’ possessions) in the environment in which a text occurs.
- References to elements in the text are called Endophoric references.
- Endophoric referencing can be divided into two areas:
- Anaphoric
- Cataphoric
ANAPHORIC (backward references) - ANAPHORIC (backward references)
- Refers to any reference that “points backward” to previously mentioned information in text. Usually items such: as he/ she or them, it this, can be decoded without major difficulty.
- E.g. Jane likes ice cream but Anne can’t eat it.
- The teacher asked Said to read so he read.
- CATAPHORIC (forward references)
- Refers to any reference that “points forward” to information that will be presented later in the text.
- E.g. When I met her, Sarah looked ill.
- Here is the news. The Prime Minister…..
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