Key Energiya±Buran speci®cations A. 1 Energiya rocket
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Volk's co-pilot on Buran's ®rst manned mission. After resigning from LII, Tolboyev entered politics in 1994, becominga representative for the Republic of Dagestan in the State Duma. In 1997 he became president of the biennial MAKS air show in Zhukovskiy. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 481
Tresvyatskiy, Sergey Nikolayevich was born in the town of Nizhne-Udinsk in the Irkutsk Region on 6 May 1954. After graduating from secondary school in 1971, he enrolled in the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School. There his future colleague Yuriy Sheffer was one of his instructors and Yuriy Prikhodko was a classmate. From 1975 until 1980 he was assigned as a pilot in the former German Democratic Republic and later he was stationed in the Far East. In 1981 Tresvyatskiy left the Air Force and enrolled in the Ministry of the Aviation Industry test pilot school in Zhukovskiy. Upon graduation in 1983, he became a test pilot at the Flight Research Institute. In 1985 he graduated from the Zhukovskiy branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute, where he had attended eveningclasses. That same year he was included in the LII cosmonaut team that was preparingfor space¯ights on Buran. He followed the OKP training at TsPK from 1985 until 1987, when he received the quali®cation of cosmonaut-tester. From April until November 1988 Tresvyatskiy worked at the Baykonur cosmodrome, rehearsing pre-landingmaneuvers, runway approaches, and landings usingthe Tupolev Tu- 154LL and MiG-25 jet aircraft. While it became clear that the Buran program was dying, Sergey Tresvyatskiy stayed on as a test pilot at LII. Besides that, he also performed demonstration ¯ights on the MiG-29. He became world famous when his MiG collided in mid-air with his colleague's during an air show at RAF Fairford on 24 July 1993. Both pilots were able to eject and survived unharmed. Especially Tresvyatskiy's cool reaction after he had landed was the talk of the town. After he had removed his parachute, he simply lit up a cigarette and walked away to meet the emergency services that were hurrying toward the place where he had come down. Tresvyatskiy later was placed in charge of LII's Ramenskoye air®eld in Zhukovskiy. In 2004 he became the last of the Buran pilots to leave LII and went on to become general director of the Samara Scienti®c and Technical Complex (the former Kuznetsov design bureau), which develops the NK series of aircraft and rocket engines. 482 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts Vasyutin, Vladimir Vladimirovich was born on 8 March 1952 in Kharkov in the Ukraine. He studied at the Kharkov Higher Air Force School from 1970 until 1974, and upon graduation was assigned as pilot instructor there until he was selected as a TsPK cosmonaut candidate in 1976. He was ®rst sent to the test pilot school in Akhtubinsk to become a Test Pilot 3rd Class. Subsequently, he took the basic cosmonaut trainingcourse at TsPK to qualify him as a cosmonaut-tester. Unlike the other cosmonauts from his group, Vasyutin and Vladimir Titov were not sent back to Akhtubinsk for further test pilot training, but were transferred to the Soyuz±Salyut program. After three back-up assignments (Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-10, and Soyuz T-12), Vasyutin was ®nally launched aboard Soyuz T-14 in September 1985. However, after a few weeks aboard the Salyut-7 space station Vasyutin became ill and, when treatment on board didn't help, Mission Control was forced to cut his mission short. Upon his return, Vasyutin was hospitalized, but, although he fully recovered, he never ¯ew in space again. He retired from the cosmonaut team and went back to the Air Force, where he rose to the rank of Lieutenant-General and became Deputy Commander of the Gagarin Air Force Academy in Monino. Vasyutin passed away on 19 July 2002. Viktorenko, Aleksandr Stepanovich was born on 29 March 1947 in Olginka in Kazakhstan. He graduated from the Orenburg Higher Aviation Pilot School in 1969, after which he served as an Ilyushin Il-28 pilot in the Baltic Fleet. In May 1978 Viktorenko (representingthe Navy) was one of two additional candidates selected to join the 1976 Buran cosmonaut group of TsPK. Like the 1976 candidates, he was ®rst sent to Akhtubinsk in order to qualify as a military test pilot. He graduated as Test Pilot 3rd Class in July 1979 and then went on to OKP basic cosmonaut training, ®nishing that in February 1982. Shortage of quali®ed commanders for Soyuz and delays in the Buran program then led to the decision to transfer all members of the TsPK Buran team to the Soyuz±Salyut traininggroup. Eventually, Viktorenko would ¯y four missions to the Mir space station (Soyuz TM-3, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-20), logging a total of 489 days in orbit. He also spent almost 18 hours outside the spacecraft duringsix EVAs. In July 1997 Viktorenko retired from both the cosmonaut team and the Air Force. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 483 Volk, Igor Petrovich was born in the city of Zmiyev in the Kharkov Region in the Ukraine on 12 April 1937. He attended the Military Aviation Pilot School in Kirovograd in the Ukraine, graduating as a bomber pilot. He was then stationed in Baku where he ¯ew Tupolev Tu-16 and Ilyushin Il-28 bombers. In 1962 Volk left the Air Force and from 1963 underwent test pilot trainingat the Ministry of the Aviation Industry test pilot school in Zhukovskiy, graduating in 1965. Volk's ®rst involvement in the manned space program was in that same year, when he was a pilot on the Tupolev Tu-104 in which cosmonauts Pavel Belyayev and Aleksey Leonov ¯ew parabolic ¯ights to train for Leonov's EVA on Voskhod-2. In 1969 he graduated from the Zhukovskiy branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute, and in 1975 he was a member of the examination board that passed his future crewmate Svetlana Savitskaya as a test pilot. In 1976 Volk performed a brief ¯ight on the 105.11 atmospheric test bed of the Spiral spaceplane. In 1977 Volk was selected as one of the pilots to undergo cosmonaut training in preparation for the initial test ¯ight program for Buran. He ¯ew 12 times on Buran's analogBTS-002. Volk was the designated commander for Buran's ®rst manned orbital mission. In order to get the mandatory space¯ight experience and see what the in¯uence of space¯ight on his piloting skills would be, he made a space¯ight on Soyuz T-12 in July 1984. Igor Volk became a deputy head of LII in 1995, but left the institute in February 2002 for a position in private industry. He lives in Moscow. Volkov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich was born on 27 April 1948 in Gorlovka in the Donetsk Region in the Ukraine. He enrolled in the Kharkov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in 1966, and, upon graduation in 1970, he stayed as an instructor until he was selected as a TsPK cosmonaut candidate in 1976. After his selection Volkov and the other eight candidates were sent to Akhtubinsk to qualify as Test Pilots 3rd Class. After ®nishingOKP in September 1978, Volkov returned to Akhtubinsk and in 1981 he became a Test Pilot 2nd Class. After that he was transferred to the Soyuz±Salyut program. Volkov subsequently made three space¯ights, one to Salyut-7 in 1985 (Soyuz T-14) and two to Mir in 1988±1989 (Soyuz TM-7) and 1991±1992 (Soyuz TM-13). In total he logged 391 days in orbit. He also conducted two EVAs, spending more than 10 hours outside the spacecraft. Volkov has held various management positions at TsPK, amongthem commander of the cosmonaut team from 1990 until 1998. 484 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts
Yablontsev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich was born on 3 April 1955 in Warsaw (Poland) where his father was stationed. After graduating from secondary school in 1972, he enrolled in the Armavir Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, where he studied until graduating in 1976. He subsequently served in various Air Force units before enteringthe Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk. After graduation in 1985 he worked there as a test pilot. In January 1989 the State Interdepartmental Commission con®rmed Yablontsev and ®ve colleagues as cosmonauts in the GKNII team. They underwent OKP in Star City without interruptingtheir test ¯ight work, and in 1991 they passed their exams, qualifying as cosmonaut-testers. In 1989 he had also successfully concluded a course at the Akhtubinsk branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute. In September 1996 TsPK's commander Pyotr Klimuk oered him a transfer to the TsPK cosmonaut team, but Yablontsev declined, feelingthat ¯yingon Soyuz wasn't really ¯ying. In 1997 he retired from the Air Force and, like Nikolay Pushenko, became a civilian test pilot at the State Research Institute for Civil Aviation. Zabolotskiy, Viktor Vasilyevich was born on 19 April 1946 in Moscow. He began ¯ying in the First Moscow Flying Club in 1964, and went on to study for two years (1967±1969) in DOSAAF's Central Joint Flyingand Technical School. After graduating, he worked in Kaluga as a pilot instructor on the MiG-15 and MiG-17. In 1973 he was admitted to the test pilot school in Zhukovskiy. He graduated two years later and began working as a test pilot for LII. In 1981 Zabolotskiy graduated from the Academy of Civil Aviation in Leningrad. He joined the LII Buran team in 1984 and underwent OKP in Star City between 1985 and 1987. In 1988 Zabolotskiy was scheduled to ¯y a MiG-25 chase plane duringthe landingphase of Buran's only space¯ight, but this assignment was canceled when he was assigned to the commission that investigated the Su-26 crash that had killed Aleksandr Shchukin. In 1989 Zabolotskiy became a Merited Test Pilot of the Soviet Union. It was also in that period that he was assigned as Rimantas Stankyavichus's backup for a familiarization space¯ight on a Soyuz, but this ¯ight would never take place. Viktor Zabolotskiy left LII in late 1996 to become a test pilot for the Khrunichev Center and also became head of the Russian Federation for Aviation Amateurs. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 485 Appendix C List of Russian abbreviations ABO Agregatno-Bytovoy Otsek (Aggregate/Habitation Compartment: aft compartment of Kliper) AO Agregatnyy Otsek (Aggregate Compartment: Buran lower deck) APAS
Androginnyy Periferiynyy Agregat Stykovki (Androgynous Peripheral DockingSystem) BB Bazovyy Blok (Base Unit: pod housingorbital maneuvering engines and tanks for Buran's propulsion system) BDP
Blok Dopolnitelnykh Priborov (Unit for Additional Instruments: payload on ®rst Buran mission) BDU Blok Dvigateley Upravleniya (Control Engine Unit: Buran unit housingthrusters and verniers) BO Bytovoy Otsek (Habitation Compartment: Buran mid-deck) BOR Bespilotnyy Orbitalnyy Raketoplan (Unmanned Orbital Rocket Plane: scale models of the Spiral spaceplane and Buran ¯own on suborbital and orbital missions) BTS (002) Bolshoy Transportnyy Samolyot (BigTransport Plane: full-scale Buran model for atmosheric tests) DO Dvigatel Orientatsii (Orientation Engine: Buran vernier) DOM Dvigatel Orbitalnogo Manevrirovaniya (Orbital Maneuvering Engine: Buran engine for on-orbit maneuvers) DOS
Dolgovremennaya Orbitalnaya Stantsiya (Long-Term Orbital Station: the civilian space stations ocially launched as Salyut-1, 4, 6, 7 and Mir) DOSAAF
Dobrovolnoe Obshchestvo Sodeystviya Armii, Aviatsii i Flotu (Voluntary Society of Assistance to the Army, the Air Force and the Navy: Soviet paramilitary society)
DP Dalniy Planiruyushchiy (Long-Distance Glider: Tupolev unmanned glider) EKA
Eksperimentalnyy Kosmicheskiy Apparat (Experimental Space Apparatus: prototype satellites for launch by Buran) EMZ Eksperimentalnyy Mashinostroitelnyy Zavod (Experimental Machine BuildingFactory: one of the organizations makingup NPO Molniya, situated in Zhukovskiy) EO Ekspeditsiya Osnovnaya (Main Expedition: space station resident crew) EO Ekstrennoye Otdeleniye (Emergency Separation: Buran launch abort pro®le) EPOS
Eksperimentalnyy Pilotiruyemyy Orbitalnyy Samolyot (Experimental Piloted Orbital Plane: orbital and atmospheric test beds for the Spiral spaceplane) FGB
Funktsionalno-Gruzovoy Blok (Functional Cargo Block: main part of the TKS spacecraft) FSB Funktsionalno-Sluzhebnyy Blok (Functional Service Block: modi®ed FGB section for the Skif-DM/Polyus spacecraft) GDL
Gazodinamicheskaya Laboratoriya (Gas Dynamics Laboratory: rocket research group 1921±1933) GIRD Gruppa Izucheniya Reaktivnogo Dvizheniya (Group for the Investigation of Reactive Motion: rocket research group 1931±1933) GKNII Gosudarstvennyy Krasnoznamennyy Nauchno-Ispytatelnyy Institut (State Red Banner Scienti®c Test Institute: Air Force test and trainingsite in Akhtubinsk) GLI Gorizontalnye Lyotnye Ispytaniya (Horizontal Flight Tests: the approach and landingtests ¯own with the BTS-002 vehicle) GMK
Glavnaya Meditsinskaya Komissiya (Chief Medical Commission: medical board for cosmonaut selection) GMVK Gosudarstvennaya Mezhvedomstvennaya Komissiya (State Interdepartmental Commission: leadingbody for cosmonaut selection) GOR Gruppa Operativnogo Rukovodstva (Operations Control Group: management body for Energiya±Buran program) GSP
Girostabilizirovannaya Platforma (Gyro-Stabilized Platform: Buran inertial measurement unit) GSR Giperzvukovoy Samolyot-Razgonshchik (Hypersonic Boost Aircraft: hypersonic aircraft of the Spiral system) GTA-S
Gruzovoy Transportnyy Apparat Snabzheniya (Cargo Transport Supply Ship: space tugfor 75-ton space station modules) GTK Gruzovoy Transportnyy Konteyner (Cargo Transport Container: payload container strapped to the side of Energiya) 488 Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations GUKOS Glavnoye Upravleniye Kosmicheskikh Sredstv (Chief Directorate of Space Assets: the ``space branch'' of the Strategic Rocket Forces, forerunner of the Military Space Forces) IMBP Institut Mediko-Biologicheskikh Problem (Institute of Medical and Biological Problems: space medicine institute in Moscow) IPM
Institut Prikladnoy Matematiki (Institute of Applied Mathematics, Moscow) IPMekh Institut Problem Mekhaniki (Institute of Mechanical Problems, Moscow) IPRIM
Institut Prikladnoy Mekhaniki (Institute of Applied Mechanics, Moscow)
ISZhO Individualnye Sredstva Zhizneobespecheniya (Personal Life Support System: part of Buran life support system) ITPM
Institut Teoreticheskoy i Prikladnoy Mekhaniki (Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Novosibirsk) KBKhA Konstruktorskoye Byuro Khimicheskoy Avtomatiki (Design Bureau of Chemical Automatics: bureau in charge of developing Energiya's RD-0120 engine, situated in Voronezh) KBOM Konstruktorskoye Byuro Obshchego Mashinostroyeniya (Design Bureau of General Machine Building: launch pad design bureau in Moscow) KBTM Konstruktorskoye Byuro Transportnogo Mashinostroyeniya (Design Bureau of Transport Machine Building: launch pad design bureau in Moscow) KhChF Khvostovaya Chast Fyuzelyazha (aft fuselage) KIK Komandno-Izmeritelnyy Kompleks (Command and Measurement Complex: Soviet trackingstation network) KO Komandnyy Otsek (Command Compartment: Buran ¯ight deck) KTOK
Korpus Trenazhorov Orbitalnogo Korablya (Orbiter Simulator Building: building with Buran simulators at Star City) KV Kosmicheskiye Voyska (Space Troops) KVRB Kislorodno-Vodorodnyy Raketnyy Blok (Oxygen/Hydrogen Rocket Stage: cryogenic upper stage) LII
Lyotno-Issledovatelskiy Institut (Flight Research Institute: civilian ¯ight test center in Zhukovskiy) LKS Lyogkiy Kosmicheskiy Samolyot (Light Spaceplane: Chelomey spaceplane) LL Letayushchaya Laboratoriya (FlyingLaboratory: aircraft used for trainingBuran test pilots) LO Laboratornyy Otsek (``Laboratory Compartment'': Spacelab- type payload for Buran) LOK
Lunnyy Orbitalnyy Korabl (Lunar Orbital Ship: Soyuz-derived vehicle for the N-1/L-3 piloted lunar-landingprogram) Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations 489
MAKS Mnogotselevaya Aviatsionno-Kosmicheskaya Sistema (Multipurpose Aerospace System: air-launched spaceplane system developed by NPO Molniya) MAP Ministerstvo Aviatsionnoy Promyshlennosti (Ministry of the Aviation Industry) MEK
Mezhvedomstvennaya Ekspertnaya Komissiya (Interdepartmental Expert Commission) MIK OK Montazhno-Ispytatelnyy Korpus Orbitalnogo Korablya (Orbiter Assembly and Test Facility: Buran processingfacility at Baykonur) MIK RN Montazhno-Ispytatelnyy Korpus Rakety-Nositelya (Rocket Assembly and Test Facility: Energiya assembly building at Baykonur) MKBS Mnogotselevaya Kosmicheskaya Baza Stantsiya (Multipurpose Space Base Station: N-1 launched space station studied by TsKBEM in the late 1960s/early 1970s) MKR Mnogorazovyy Kosmicheskiy Raketoplan (Reusable Space Rocket Plane: single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane studied by RKK Energiya) MKS Mnogorazovaya Kosmicheskaya Sistema (Reusable Space System: the ocial name of the Energiya±Buran system and its cosmodrome infrastructure) MOK Mnogorazovyy Orbitalnyy Korabl (Reusable Orbital Ship: spaceplanes studied in the 1990s as part of two-stage-to-orbit systems)
MOK Mnogotselevoy Orbitalnyy Kompleks (Multipurpose Orbital Complex: constellation of space stations, spacecraft, and satellites studied by TsKBEM in the late 1960s/early 1970s) MOM Ministerstvo Obshchego Mashinostroyeniya (Ministry of General Machine Building: Soviet ``space and missile ministry'') MRKK Mnogorazovyy Raketno-Kosmicheskiy Kompleks (Reusable Rocket Space Complex: name for the combination of Energiya rocket and Buran orbiter) MTKVP Mnogorazovyy Transportnyy Korabl Vertikalnoy Posadki (Reusable Vertical LandingTransport Ship: liftingbody studied by NPO Energiya in the mid-1970s) MV Manyovr Vozvrashcheniya (Return Maneuver: Buran launch abort pro®le) MVKS
Mezhvedomstvennyy Koordinatsionnyy Sovet (Interdepartmental CoordinatingCouncil: leadingbody overseeingEnergiya± Buran program) MZK
Montazhno-Zapravochnyy Korpus (Assembly and Fueling Facility: hangar at Baykonur for hazardous operations) NChF Nosovaya Chast Fyuzelyazha (forward fuselage) 490 Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations NII Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut (Scienti®c Research Institute) NIIkhimmash Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut Khimicheskogo Mashinostroyeniya (Scienti®c Research Institute of Chemical Machine Building: major rocket engine and spacecraft test center near Zagorsk/Sergiyev Posad) NIIKhSM
Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut Khimicheskikh i Stroitelnykh Mashin (Scienti®c Research Institute of Chemical and Building Machines: test center in Zagorsk/Sergiyev Posad) NIIMash
Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut Mashinostroyeniya (Scienti®c Research Institute of Machine Building: rocket engine test center near Nizhnyaya Salda) NII TP
Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut Teplovykh Protsessov (Scienti®c Research Institute of Thermal Processes: the name of the current Keldysh Research Center between 1965 and 1995. Originally RNII/NII-3/NII-1) NIVS Navigatsionnaya Izmeritelnaya Vizualnaya Sistema (Visual Navigation Measurement System: Buran navigation aid) NPG
Neotdelyayemyy Poleznyy Gruz (Undetachable Useful Payload: classi®ed military payload for Buran) NPO AP Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoye Obyedineniye Avtomatiki i Priborostroyeniya (Scienti®c Production Association of Automatics and Instrument Building: design bureau in charge of Buran computers and software, situated in Moscow) NPO PM
Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoye Obyedineniye Prikladnoy Mekhaniki (Scienti®c Production Association of Applied Mechanics: leadingdesign bureau of communications and navigation satellites near Krasnoyarsk) ODU Obyedinyonnaya Dvigatelnaya Ustanovka (Combined Engine Installation: general name for the Buran propulsion system) OE Otsek Energeticheskiy (Energy Compartment: section of Skif-DM/Polyus) OK Orbitalnyy Korabl (Orbital Ship: general name for Russian shuttle orbiters) OKB
Opytno-Konstruktorskoye Byuro (Experimental Design Bureau) OKP
Obshchekosmicheskaya Podgotovka (General Space Training: basic trainingcourse for cosmonauts at Star City) OKPD Obyedinyonnyy Komandno-Dispetcherskiy Punkt (Combined Command and Air Control Center: control buildingnear Baykonur runway) OKPKI Otraslevoy Kompleks Podgotovki Kosmonavtov-Ispytateley Download 0.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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