I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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C alcutta ). The chief public buildings are the Magistrate’s office, the civil courts, the District board and municipal offices, the Howrah General Hospital, the Sibpur Civil Engineering College, and the Howrah District school. The jail has accommodation for 18 convicted and 31 under-trial prisoners. For police purposes the town is divided into 3 thdnas, Howrah, Golabari, and Sibpur; and the force in 1904 consisted of 3 inspectors, 5 sub-inspectors, 18 head constables, and 345 constables. The principal educational institution is the Civil Engineering College at Sibpur, which occupies the buildings and premises of the old Bishop’s College, since transferred to Calcutta. The college contains four departments. In the Engineer department, the course extends over four years, after which the pupils have to undergo a further period of one year’s practical training under the Public Works depart ment to obtain the final college certificate; a certain number of the successful graduates receive appointments in Government service. The course in the Apprentice department lasts for five years, but those leaving after three and a half years are entitled to third-grade over seer’s certificates. The Artisan class is chiefly for the benefit of sons of misiris (carpenters), and a stipend of from R. 1 to Rs. 3 a month is given to those who turn out satisfactory work. The Agricultural class is to be transferred to the Imperial Institution at Pusa. The total number of pupils under instruction in 1903-4 was 386, and the expenditure amounted to Rs. 1,50,000, of which Rs. 1,28,000 was met from Provincial funds and the balance from fees. HOWRAH CITY The Howrah General Hospital has 112 beds, and in 1903 1,848 in patients and 13,000 out-patients were treated, and 1,521 operations were performed. The expenditure amounted to Rs. 34,000, of which Rs. 6,000 was contributed by Government, Rs. 10,000 from Local funds, Rs. 5,000 from municipal funds, and Rs. 9,000 from sub scriptions. Hsahtung (Burmese, Thaton).—State in the central division of the Southern Shan States, Burma, lying between 19 0 54' and 20° 24' N. and 97 0 Y and 97 0 29' E., with an area (including the dependencies of Tam il pak or Tabel, and Lakmong or Lamaing) of 472 square miles. On the north it is bounded by Wanyin, Mongpawn, and Mongsit; 011 the east by Mawkmai, from which it is separated by the Nam Pawn ; on the south by Karenni; and on the west by Mongpai, Sakoi, Namtok, and Samka. Over the centre and eastern half of the main State extends a plateau, about 4,000 feet above the sea, formed of thinly wooded rolling downs. This is the prosperous Taungthu tract. The two dependencies are in the south, are low-lying, and are mainly populated by Shans. In the south is a small forest area, which was worked till recently. The forest revenue in 1904 amounted to Rs. 1,248. A certain amount of flat rice land is irrigated from the Tamhpak stream by means of water-wheels; but most of the rice is grown on the hill-slopes to the east 011 the taungyas worked by the Taungthus, who also cultivate numerous homestead gardens. Less important crops are cotton and tobacco. The population in 1901 was 10,584, dis tributed in 159 villages. Of this total, classified according to the language spoken, 7,616 were Taungthus, 2,126 Shans, and the re mainder Padaungs and Karens. Nearly all the inhabitants are Buddhists. Hsahtung may be looked upon as the head-quarters of the Taungthu race in the Shan States. The Myoza, who is a Taungthu, has his residence at Loiput (population, 211), in the north of the State, connected by a country track with the main Southern Shan States cart-road. The revenue in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 15,500 (nearly all from thathamedd) \ and the chief items of expenditure were Rs. 6,000 tribute to the British Government, Rs. 4,700 spent 011 pay and administration, Rs. 3,600 credited to the privy purse, and Rs. 1,200 spent on public works. Hsamonghkam (Burmese, Thamakan or Thainciingkaii). — One of the largest States in the Myelat division of the Southern Shan States, Burma, lying between 20° 26' and 20° 50' N. and 96° 27' and 96° 47' E., with an area of 297 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Kyong and Poila; on the east by Mawnang and a circle of Yawnghwe ; on the south by part of Yawnghwe and by Loimaw and Loi-ai; and on the west by the Yamethin and Meiktila Districts of Upper Burma. About 7,500 acres are under cultivation. Rice is the chief crop, grown mainly in
NORTH HSENWI 2 1 7 tai/ngyas; thanatpet is an important product, and the cultivation and export of potatoes is on the increase. The population of the State in 1901 was 12,561, distributed in 196 villages. About 6,000 of the total were Danus (of mixed Burmese and Shan origin), 4,500 Taungthus, and the remainder Shans and members of other hill tribes. The residence of the Myoza is at Hsamonghkam (population, 531), in the centre of the State, near the main road from Thazi to Taunggyi. It is the head-quarters of the Assistant Superintendent in charge of the Myelat division. The revenue in 1904-5 was Rs. 16,000 (mainly from
British Government is Rs. 8,300. . Hsawnghsup (Burmese, Thai/ngdut).—Shan State within the limits of the Upper Chindwin District, Upper Burma, over which the Deputy- Commissioner of that District exercises a certain control. It lies almost wholly to the west of the Irrawaddy, between 24 0 5' and 24 0 56' N. and 94 0
0 43' E. On the north it is bounded by the Homalin township; on the west by Manipur ; and on the east and south by the townships of Paungbyin and Tamu. The main hill system of the Upper Chindwin District commences in the extreme north of the State, and covers the greater portion of it; between this range and Manipur is the upper end of the Kabaw valley, in which the old capital of Thaungdut is situated. A few hamlets lie in this valley, but otherwise the popula tion of the State is confined almost entirely to the villages on the Chindwin, one of which is the capital, Thaungdut (population, 868). The rest of the country is dense forest. Previous to annexation Hsawnghsup had been a vassal State of Burma, and the Sawbwa ruling in 1886 was friendly to the British, and remained loyal throughout the Wuntho rebellion, although related to the Wuntho Sawbwa. The area of the State is about 579 square miles, and the population (estimated at 6,200 in 1S97) was found to be 7,471 in 1901. Of this total, 57 per cent, are Shans, 35 per cent. Burmans, and the remainder Chins, the whole being distributed in 84 villages. Under the Sawbwa are myo-oks in charge of townships, who are responsible for the revenue, civil, and criminal administration of their charges. Regular taxes were first imposed in 1890, and under the present Sawbwa thathameda is levied at Rs. 10 per household. There are 110 other taxes. The revenue amounts to about Rs. 8,000, Rs. 400 being payable as tribute to the British Government. Order is kept by a force of about 30 police, armed with guns and das. There is a small export of paddy. Hsenwi, North (liurmese, Thein»!).- A Northern Shan State, Burma, lying between 22 0 37' and 24 0 9' N. and 97 0 14'and 98° 55' E., with an area of 6,330 square miles. It lies, for the most part, west of the Salween, and is bounded on the north and east by China; on the south by the Wa Stales east of the Salween and by South Hsenwi west
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of it; and on the west by the Hslpaw, Tawngpeng, and Mongmit States and Bhamo District. The greater part of the northern section is a mass of hills inhabited by Kachins ; Palaung villages are numerous in places, and a good many Chinese settlements are scattered about. Even here, however, a number of valleys under rice cultivation remain in the hands of the Shans. The trans-Salween portion of this northern area forms the rugged district of Kokang, where most of the inhabitants are Chinese. The southern half of the State is at a much lower level, and has more flat land, along the valleys of the Nam Tu and its tributaries. This is the most valuable part of the State, and is inhabited almost entirely by Shans, with isolated circles of Kachins and other hill tribes. The valley of the Shweli along the northern border is fertile, and peopled by Shans. North and South Hsenwi did not exist as separate States before 1888. The old State of Hsenwi included, besides North and South Hsenwi, the present Southern Shan States of Kehsi Mansam, Monghsu, Mongsang, Kenglon, and Mongnawng, and exercised a suzerainty over Manglon and its dependencies across the Salween. The principality disintegrated, however, in later Burmese times into five divisions, each under an independent ruler or more than one; and in king Thibaw’s time it had fallen into a hopeless state of disorder, in consequence of the rebellion of Sang Hai, a subordinate official, whose relations had been murdered by the Sawbwa Hseng Naw Hpa in 1855. At the time of the annexation of Upper Burma, Hsenwi was divided into three camps. The northern portion of the State was in the hands of Hkun Sang Ton Hung, one of Sang Hai’s followers and his successor. In the southern portion a man named Sang Aw, commonly known as the l’a-ok-chok, had obtained the upper hand. The titular Sawbwa, Naw lipa, was at this time in shelter at Mongsi in the north. He, however, had his supporters; and 011 the fall of Mandalay, his son, Naw Mong, arrived on the scene and occupied Lashio. Intestine hostilities followed during
SS7 ; but in 1888 a British column arrived at Hsenwi, and a conference at Mongyai resulted in the division of the State into North and South Hsenwi, the former being allotted to Hkun Sang Ton Hung and the latter to Naw Mong. The Pa-ok-chok died in the follow ing year, and a rebellion, headed by members of his family, was promptly suppressed by British intervention. In 1892-3 the Kachins rose against the Sawbwa of North Hsenwi, and the tracts inhabited by them are now directly administered by a British officer. Since then there have been no serious disturbances. The population of the State in 1901 (excluding Kokang, which, like the rest of the trans-Salween country, was omitted from the census operations) was 118,325, Shans numbering about 72,000, Kaehins 29,000, Palaungs 10,000, and Chinese 5,000. The number of villages (excluding the ‘estimated’ tract) was 939. The Kachin hill tracts are under a civil officer at Kutkai, north
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of Lashio, who is also adviser to the Sawbwa in his administration of the rest of the State. The capital is Hsenwi (population, 1,305), north of Lashio, on the Nam Tu river, in the centre of the State.
itself is in the State, and other places of importance are : Namhkam (population, about 2,000), a trade centre in the north-west close to the borders of Mongmit, Bhamo, and China; and Mongsi and Tawnio, farther to the east. The revenue of the State in 1903-4 was Rs. 91,000, mainly from thathameda. The tribute payable to the British Govern ment until 1907 has been fixed at Rs. 10,000; the other items of expenditure in 1903-4 were Rs. 30,000 spent on public works, Rs. 25,000 on administration and salaries, and Rs. 22,000 devoted to the privy purse.
Hsenwi, South (Burmese, Theinni).—A Northern Shan State Burma, lying between 22 0 4' and 23 0 1' N. and 97 0 43' and 98° 39' E., with an area of 2,400 square miles. It is bounded 011 the north by North Hsenwi; on the south by Manglon and the Southern Shan State of Kehsi Mansam ; on the east by the Salween, the Wa States, and West Manglon ; and on the west by HsTpaw and North Hsenwi. The State is practically bisected by the huge upland mass of Loi Leng and the spurs extending south from it. Apart from this, it consists of broken hilly country or open rolling downs, the latter chiefly in the east of the State. It is watered by numerous streams, the most important being the Nam Pang, a tributary of the Salween. The cultivation consists of
cotton, sugar-cane, and a little poppy are grown on the hill-slopes; and there are gardens in each village. The history of the State has been narrated in the article on H senwi , N orth . The population in 1901 was 67,836, distributed in 961 villages. The predominant race is the Shan, numbering 60,169. t ^
more hilly tracts are Kachins and Palaungs, numbering 2,320 and 2,568 respectively; and a number of Chinese villages contain altogether 1,406 inhabitants. The rest of the population consists of Burmans, Lisaws, and Was. On a tributary of the Nam Pang, in the east of the State, is Tangyan, the head-quarters of the Assistant Superintendent in charge of South Hsenwi and Manglon. The capital is Mongyai (population, 579), situated in a fertile plain in the south-west. The revenue in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 71,000 (entirely thathameda). Of this sum Rs. 20,000 was paid as tribute to the British Government, Rs. 19,000 went towards administration and salaries, Rs. 18,000 to the privy purse, and Rs. 14,000 towards public works.
Hsipaw (Burmese, Ihibau').—One of the Northern Shan States, Burma, lying between 21 0 56' and 22 0 56' N. and 96° 13'and 98° o' E., with an area of 5,086 square miles. It is bounded 011 the north by the Ruby Mines District and the Slates of Mongmit and Tawngpeng; 011 2 2 0 US IP A IV the east by North and South Hsemvi; on the south by the Southern Shan States; and on the west by Mandalay District, from which it is separated for some distance by the Nam Pai river. It is divided into four sub-States: HsTpaw proper in the centre and north-east, Hsumhsai in the south-west, Monglong in the north-west, and Mong- tung in the south-east. The main State lies on the geological fault which runs east and west from the Salween at Kunlong to near the rim of the Shan table-land at the Gokteik gorge, and the face of the country is here broken up into a mass of not very well defined ridges and spurs. The chief plain land is in the valley of the Nam Tu near Hsipaw, and the Pyawnggawng-Nawngpeng strath south-west of the capital of the State. The other valleys are insignificant. The country is drained by the Nam Tu, which, on the southern border of the State, runs in a deep gorge about 2,000 feet below the general level of the country. One of the chief natural features of the State is the Gokteik gorge, down which flows a small tributary of the Nam Tu. Taungya rice is grown on the hills and ‘wet’ rice in the valleys. Other crops cultivated are sesamum, the thanat tree (the leaf of which is used for cigar-wrappers), cotton, ginger, and, in what is known as the Kodaung tract in the west and north-west, tea. The present Sawbwa of Hsipaw is the grandson of Sao Kya Tun, who was appointed Sawbwa by king Mindon as a reward for his assistance in removing Pagan Min from the Burmese throne. The State submitted to the British after the occupation of Mandalay in 1886. The Sawbwa, Hkun Saing byname, had fled, before the persecutions of king Thlbaw, to Siam and Rangoon, where he was imprisoned in 1882 for causing the death of two of his servants. On his release he took refuge for a while in Karenni ; and at the time of annexation, having obtained assistance from Sawlapaw, the chief of Karenni, he proceeded to Hsipaw and regained his throne in time to be the first Shan chieftain submitting to the British rule. In recognition of this early submission, he was rewarded with the sub-States of Monglong, Mongtung, and Hsumhsai, which were added to HsTpaw proper. He visited England in 1893, and was succeeded in 1902 by his eldest son, who had been partly educated in England. The population of the State in 1901 was 104,700, distributed in 1,661 villages. By far the greater portion (approximately 90,000) are Shans; Burmans and Danus (mainly in the Hsumhsai sub-State) numbered about 10,000; and in the hilly Kodaung tract are Palaungs (about 3,000). The rest of the population consists practically of Kachins and natives of India. The capital is HsTpaw (population, 3,656), situated 134 miles from Mandalay, in the middle of a hill-girt valley on the banks of the Myitnge river, over which a bridge is in course of con struction. HsTpaw is one of the principal towns on the Mandalay- Lashio railway, and is the head-quarters of an Assistant Superinten-
iiub Li errj dent of the Shan States, whose residence, close to the Sawbwa's haw or palace, overlooks the Myitnge river. The revenue in 1903-4 was Rs. 3,43,000, towards which thathameda contributed Rs. 1,76,000; opium, liquor, and bazar fees, Rs. 78,000 ; and land tax, Rs. 58,000. The expenditure in the same year included Rs. 1,45,000 spent on administration and salaries, Rs. 77,000 on public works, Rs. 24,000 contributed to the privy purse, and Rs. 70,000 tribute to the British Government.
between 15 0 io' and 15 0 30' N. and 75 0 2' and 75 0 27' E., with an area of 311 square miles. It contains one town,
(population, 60,214), the head-quarters ; and 74 villages. The population in 1901 was 124,258, compared with 118,182 in 1891. Hubli is the most thickly populated taluka in the District, with a density of 399 persons per square mile. The demand for land revenue in 1903-4 was 2-6 lakhs, and for cesses Rs. 18,000. The watershed of Southern India runs through the taluka. Two small ranges of hills, Doddagudd and Buradsinghi, break the level of the plain. Between Behatti and Hebsur lies a small tract which is said not to receive a good rainfall oftener than once in four years, and yet to repay the husbandman. The annual rainfall averages 29 inches. Hubli City (Hubbali or Pubbali — ‘old village’).—Head-quarters 01 the taluka of the same name in Dharwar District, Bombay, situated in 15 0
0 9' E., on the Southern Mahratta Railway. Hubli is the eighth city in the Presidency in size. Its population has been : (1872) 37,961, (18S1) 36,677, (1891) 52,595, and (1901) 60,214, including the suburbs (301). The population in the last year comprised 39,835 Hindus, 17,516 Muhammadans, 902 Jains, and 1,809 Chris tians. Hubli was made a municipality in 1855. The income during the decade ending 1901 averaged a little over a lakh. In 1903-4 the income was 1-56 lakhs, chiefly derived from octroi (Rs. 62,000), water rate (Rs. 15,000), and taxes on houses and lands (Rs. 14,500). The expenditure is chiefly devoted to collection charges (Rs. 28,000), public safety (Rs. 4,700), water-supply and drainage (Rs. 14,300), conservancy (Rs. 16,800), education (Rs. 23,800), medical (Rs. 7,200), and public works (Rs. ro,ooo). Situated on the main lines of com munication to Harihar, Karwar, and Kumta, Hubli has become the centre of the cotton trade of the Southern Maratha country. Besides raw cotton and silk fabrics, a trade in copper vessels, grain, salt, and other commodities is conducted on a large scale. There are two cotton-mills with 34,000 spindles, employing 1,200 hands, six cotton- ginning and pressing factories, and one workshop. The mills produce annually about 3,000,000 lb. of yarn, valued at 13 lakhs. Hubli contains 37 temples, 27 monasteries, 17 mosques, a Protestant 'J nunu CITY Christian church of the German Mission, and a Roman Catholic chapel. The largest and most substantial monastery is the Lingayat Mursavirad. Hubli centres round a plain old stone temple to Bhawanishankar, which contains a lingam, an image of Ganpati, and two or three other smaller gods, and from an old Kanarese inscription seems to belong to the eleventh century. Old Hubli is also locally called Rayar Hubli, that is, ‘the Hubli made by the Vijayanagar kings’ (1336-1565). In 1547 Hubli was described as a place of trade in saltpetre and iron. In 1673 it is mentioned as a place of much wealth and of great trade. At this time Hubli was the seat of an English factory, which, with the rest of the town, was plundered by Annaji Dattu, one of Sivaji’s generals. In 1675 it was conquered by Muhammad Saiyid Khan Tarin, a general of Aurangzeb, who conferred upon Shah Muhammad Khan, son of the general, who had been killed in the attack, the fort and district of Old or Rayar Hubli and the petty division of Devar Hubli. In 1685 Sultan Muazzam took Hubli and Dharwar. Four years later the sardes/unukhi of the district of Rayar Hubli was conferred upon the Desai of Kittur, who did not enjoy it long. In 1727 one Bassappa of Old Hubli built the town and fort of New Hubli. During the eighteenth century the Tarin family suffered from the contests between the Marathas and the rulers of Mysore. New Hubli seems to have fallen to the chief of Sangli, by whom Old Hubli was held when it was taken by General Munro in 1818. In 1820 New Hubli with some other villages and districts was ceded by the chief of Sangli in lieu of furnishing an annual contingent. Hubli is a military station in the Poona division of the Western Command. It contains a Subordinate Judge’s court, two dispensaries, of which one belongs to the railway company, a municipal middle school, two schools for Europeans and Eurasians, and 22 other schools. Hugli.—River, District, subdivision, and town in Bengal. See Download 5.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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