I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- Education. . ,. , . . . r
- // J DERA HA I) STA TE
- First Intermediate in Arts or Science . Ordinary Bachelors’ degrees.
- EDUCATION 295
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V O L . X I I I . U 290 HYDERABAD STATE 1903 consisted of 2,988 European and 5,549 Native troops. Hyderabad is partly in the Secunderabad division, which is for the present directly under the Commander-in-Chief, and partly in the Poona division of the Western Command. The military stations at present are Bolarum and Secunderabad in the former, and Aurangabad in the latter. The head quarters of the Hyderabad Volunteer Rifles are at Secunderabad, and detachments of the Berar Volunteer Rifles and Great Indian Peninsula Railway Volunteer Rifles are also located within the State. The total strength of these in T903 was 1,278. Prior to the ministry of the late Sir Salar Jang, there was no organ ized police in the State, and the arrangements made in the different . Divisions depended to a great extent on the revenue Po1 — nd officials. In 1866, when Districts were first formed, a regular police force was also raised and placed under the revenue authorities, but the system did not work satisfac torily. In 1869 a special Sadr-ul-Mahdm or Police Minister was appointed, with full powers over the police. A year later
were appointed, one for each Division ; but their appoint ments were abolished in 1SS4, and an Inspector-General of District Police was appointed, the designation of Sadr-id-Mahdm being changed to
or Assistant Minister, Police department. The District police were placed under the First Talukdar, and the Dis trict Police Superintendent was made his executive deputy. Subse quently a detective branch was organized, under an officer deputed from the Berar force. Besides the city police, which is quite separate from that of the District police, there are three distinct police juris dictions in the State : the Sarf-i-khds, the
Dnvani or
A’ha/sa, and the fiaigdh and
jdglr police.
The supervising staff consists of an Inspector-General, 5 Assistants, 17
Mohtamims or Superintendents, T7 Assistant Superintendents, and 119
or inspectors; while the subordinate force comprises foot and mounted police, numbering 1 r, 173 and 413 respectively. In addition to the regular force, the rural police are under the revenue officers or Talukdars, and have scarcely any connexion with the District police. They include 12,776 police J>dte/s, 2,798
kotwd/s, and 17,532 ramosls or watchmen, numbering altogether 33,106. The table on the next page gives statistics of number and pay in 1901 and 1903. The strength of the regular force is equivalent to one policeman to every 990 persons in the Dhvdni and to 609 in the Sarf-i-khas, while
there is one policeman to 7-1 and 4-3 square miles in these areas. Recruits are medically examined as to their physical fitness, and their character is verified. The maximum age of recruits is 25, and their minimum height 5 feet 5 inches. The recruit on enlistment POLICE AND JAILS undergoes a year's course of training at District head-quarters in law and procedure, drill, gymnastics, signalling, .See. Educated natives are averse to police service, owing to the low scalc of pay offered. The detective branch is under a selected officer, who has an assistant and a staff of am'rns, jemadars ,
, and constables working under him. This branch has done excellent service in arresting a large number of notorious dacoits and other criminals. A system of identi fication by means of finger-prints was introduced in 1898, and has been successful. The District police are armed with muzzle-loaders of an old and inferior type, but the officers are provided with swords and pistols. No special military police force is maintained in the State.
1901. I903.
Particulars. _ _ ----- Number. Pay.
Xuinber. Pay.
Dhoiuii. Rs.
Rs. Supervising btaff . 142 2,03,460
»39 2,00,580
Subordinate staff . 40,008
! 18,95,850 ^ 3*V93
1 9,41,99°
Sarf-i-khas. I Supervising staff . 1 2 2, 260 , 20 26.520 Subordinate staff . 4,684
1 * *99» T 55 6,265 3,°5,°^
Total 44,
s 5i 2 3> 20 -7 2 5 1
44,7*7 2 4>74> ,0 3 The city police is quite distinct from the District police and is under a Commissioner, known as the Kotwd!\ who exercises control within the municipal area. The total strength of this force is about 3,000, includ ing 50 mounted men and nearly roo Arabs ; and the cost was 4-4 lakhs in 1901. The railway police is a distinct corps and has no connexion with the District police. In 1871 through traffic was established between Bombay and Madras, necessitating the employment of 117 officers and men. This force has been gradually increased as new lines were opened, and in 1903 consisted of 520 men and officers under a Super intendent, the proportion being one man to every 1 -6 miles of railway. A small body of specially selected men are employed as detectives, and travel in all passenger trains, and have been instru mental in bringing professional thieves to justice. There are 8 lock-ups in charge of the railway police, but prisoners are sent to the Secunder abad jail to serve their term. The table on the next page gives the results of cases dealt with by the
Diwdtii, Sarfi-khds , and railway police. The administration of jails is in charge of the Inspector-General of Police, who is also the Inspector-General of Prisons. Each of the outlying Central jails is in charge of a Superintendent, controlled by u 2
292 HYDERABAD STATE the First Talukdar in his capacity of Kdzim-i-Mahdbis or Inspector of jails. The Third Talukdars or head-quarters
supervise District jails. The Central jail at Hyderabad is also in charge of a .Superintendent, who is directly subordinate to the Inspector-General of Prisons. Central jails are maintained at Hyderabad, Aurangabad, Gulbarga, Warangal, and Nizamabad, and District jails at the head quarters of other Districts. Lock-ups or subsidiary jails are located in some of the tdlnk offices. The average jail mortality in 1 8 9 1 was
2 8 - 9 ; but in
1 9 0 1 it rose to 6 5 - 3 per
1 , 0 0 0 , owing to the effects of famine on the population and also to cholera, the mortality for the same years at the Central jail at Hyderabad being only 1 7 - 7 and
1 3 - 9 respectively. Tents, rugs, and carpets of all descriptions, belts and shoes, table linen and towels, furniture, tatpattis, cotton tweeds, checks and shirtings, and police clothing and dress for office peons are made in the jails. Printing work and bookbinding are also done, and the Janda or
State Gazette , as well as a large quantity of vernacular litho-printing, is turned out by the Hyderabad Central jail press. The total expen diture in T 9 0 1 was
5 - 2 lakhs, but the jails were then unusually full owing to the bad season. More detailed statistics of the jails in the State are given in Table VII (p. 3 0 5 ) at the end of this article. ! Average of five years ending 1901. Dhvàiif. Sarfi-khàs. 1 Railway. Total. Number of cases reported 7,806 971 247 9,024 Number of cases decided in criminal courts . 3,767
44 1 >57
4>3 Number of cases ending in acquittal. . . 1 ,746 i 7 S 9
Number of cases ending in conviction . . 2,021 ?6,? 148 2,432
Indigenous schools of the ordinary Indian type are found in many places. Reading, writing, and elementary arithmetic are taught, and . the teacher is generally paid in kind, his income Education. . ,. , . . . r , varying according to the size and importance of the village. The first English public school in Hyderabad was opened in 1 8 3 4 by a clergyman of the Church of England, followed shortly after by a Roman Catholic school. An Arabic and Persian school was also founded in the city about the same time by the first Amir-i-kablr, a liberal patron of learning, and himself a mathematician of no mean order. State education commenced in 1 8 5 4 , when a school called the Dar-ul-uliim was founded in the city of Hyderabad. In 1 8 5 9 orders were issued directing that two schools, one Persian and the other vernacular, should be opened in each td/uk, and one at the head-quarters of each District. Committees were appointed to super-
EDUCATION 293
v¡se these schools, consisting, in the case of taluk schools, of two patch and two pativdris , with the tahsilddr as president, and for District schools of a
’ a
patwári , the
tahsilddr, and the police inspector, with the Third Tálukdár as president. The last-named officer was ex-officio educational inspector of the District, and, as such, had to examine all schools during his tours. Education was thus entirely in the hands of the revenue authorities, and did not receive due attention. In 1868 education was transferred to the Assistant Minister of what was then called the Miscellaneous department, and all candidates for masterships were required to go through a training at the Dar-ul- ultim and obtain certificates. Two years later the control of public instruction was handed over to the late Mr. Wilkinson, then Principal of the Engineering College ; but this change had no effect outside the city of Hyderabad. Here, however, it led to the splitting up of the Dñr-ul-ulüm into five branch schools, and the establishment of an Anglo-vernacular school. In 1S71 a Director of Vernacular Education was appointed, who improved the system of District schools ; but the actual management remained in the hands of revenue officials as before, entailing much delay in the administration. Under this cum brous system all circular orders emanating from the office of the Director of Public Instruction had to pass through the hands of the entire series of revenue officials before they reached the various schools in the Districts. In 1872 there were sixteen schools in the city and suburbs, in one of which English was taught. The Districts contained 125 vernacular schools. The decade 1871-80 saw a great development in educational matters. In 1875 five deputy-inspectors were appointed for the Dis tricts, relieving the revenue officials of educational work. Two years later the Anglo-vernacular high school in the city was abolished, and its pupils transferred to the Chadarghát school. An Anglo-vernacular school was also opened for the first time at Aurangabad. In 1878 the payment of fees was made compulsory in the District schools. About 1880 the Chadarghat high school was affiliated to the Madras Univer sity as a second-grade college; and in 1881 it was raised to the rank of a first-grade college. During this decade two important schools were opened to educate the higher classes in the city. The Madrasa-i-Aliya, which had been opened as a private school under English teachers for the education of Sir Salar Jang’s sons and relations, became a public school for the education of the higher classes, and as such has since had an uninterrupted career of success. In the year 1879 there were only 19 pupils on the rolls, the cost to the State per head being Rs. 1,643, whereas the school now has 200 pupils, and the cost per head is only Rs. 70 to Rs. 80. The Madrasa-i-Aizza was opened 2 9 4 // J 'DERA HA I) STA TE under private agency for pupils of the .same class, lower fees being charged, and a number of scholarships being granted. As constituted at present the Educational department is under a Director of Public Instruction, whose proposals are submitted to the Minister through the Secretary in the Judicial, Police, and General departments and through the Assistant Minister for education. No officers are recruited in England, except a few of the staff of the Madrasa-i Aliya , now called the Nizam College. The work of inspec tion is carried on by five chief Inspectors. Until about ten years ago all the schools in Hyderabad were directly under the department. Gradually, however, schools are being transferred to the local boards> but it is impossible as yet for the State to withdraw altogether from the management of these schools. There are three Arts colleges : the Nizam College at Hyderabad (first grade), the Aurangabad College (second grade), both affiliated to the Madras University, and the Dar-ul-ulum or Oriental College, which sends up candidates for the Punjab Oriental titles examinations. All three are purely State institutions. Although an excellent boarding house is attached to the Nizam College, the accommodation available is so limited, and the fees so high, that the poorer students who come from outside are not able to take advantage of it. Something is being done to provide hostels for the students of some of the District high schools. The following table illustrates the progress made in university educa tion :— Passes in Matriculation First Intermediate in Arts or Science . Ordinary Bachelors’ degrees. Higher and special degrees . 1881.
1891. 1901.
19' >3 3 4 - 18 '3 _>
4 3 1 1 20 s *4 47 In 1901 the number of high schools was 16, two new ones having been added during the decade between 1S91 and 1900. In all the high schools for boys English is treated as the first language, and the curri culum leads up to the Madras matriculation. The middle schools prepare pupils for the local middle school examination. In 38 English is the first language, while 15 are purely vernacular. Of the high schools, 8 are supported by the State, 7 are aided, and one is unaided, while the middle schools include 38 State, 9 aided, and 6 unaided. At present no secondary schools are under the local boards. In 1901 these schools were attended by 1-5 per cent, of the population of school-going age. In 1883 there were 14S primary schools, of which 13 were at the
EDUCATION 295 capital. The total number of pupils attending these schools was 7,757, representing 0-5 per cent, of the population of school-going age. In 1891 the percentage rose to 2-5. In 1901 the number of primary schools increased to 753, and the number of pupils to 41,876, giving a percentage under instruction of 2-4 to children of school-going age in that year. A system of grading the teachers has recently been introduced, and all the masters in primary schools, who formerly possessed no qualifications as a rule, are being gradually passed through the normal school. Some of the lower primary masters .still receive Rs. 7, Rs. 8, or Rs. 9 a month, but a minimum of Rs. 10 is being introduced. Roughly the rate of pay may be said to be Rs. 10 to Rs. 15 in a lower primary school, and Rs. 15 to Rs. 25 in an upper primary. The inspectors are allowed to use their discretion in agricultural tracts in dispensing with full-time attendance during the months when the children's services are required in the fields. Here, as elsewhere in India, the education of girls has not kept pace with that of boys, and the number of children under instruction is 6-i per cent, on the school-going age population for boys, and only 0-5 for girls. Progress in this direction is slow, and as far as the Districts are concerned, is hardly satisfactory. On the reorganization of the department in 1885, the State contained, outside the capital, only one Koran school for girls, with an attendance of 30. Another school was opened to provide for a headmaster who had lost his eyesight, his wife being appointed mistress. There were at this time three English middle schools at the capital, with a total attendance of 224 girls, and 4 English and an equal number of vernacular primary schools, attended by 99 and 323 girls respectively. The number of schools for girls was 71 in 1891, and 77 in 1901; and in the last year the total number of female pupils was 4,467. Most of the girls’ schools arc directly under the State, but local boards have now taken over some of these schools. There are three main obstacles in the way of progress. The first is the reluctance of Muhammadans to teach their daughters anything beyond their scriptures; but popular sentiment is slowly giving way, and reading, writing, and arithmetic up to an elementary standard are now taught in most of the schools, besides needlework, and in one school cooking. Early marriage among Hindus is the next difficult)’, but this is not of so great importance in view of the very elementary instruction it is proposed to impart. 'The greatest difficulty, however, is the absence of trained mistresses. The pay offered is too small to attract outsiders, and there is as yet no training school for school mistresses. No tangible impression can be made until this want is supplied. The most notable feature under the head of female educa tion is the foundation of a high class
school at Hyderabad. / / } 'DERABA D STA TE This institution has since its foundation succeeded to a certain extent in turning out fairly well-educated niembeis of the gentler sex, whose influence on public opinion is evidenced by an increasing desire on the part of parents of the higher classes to procure a sound education for their daughters, either by engaging the services of competent governesses at home, or sending them to this or some school outside the State. The
za/ulna school, with a roll of 41 girls, has a larger though still somewhat insufficient staff of European and native teachers; English, Arabic, and Persian are taught, besides the usual branches that form the curriculum of an upper middle school for girls. It is expected before long to take rank as a high school. The girls’ schools estab lished by the Wesleyan and American Missionary Societies are invariably well managed and do a great amount of good work. A small engineering school, first opened at Warangal for the purpose of training young men for the subordinate grades of the Public Works department, was transferred to Hyderabad in 1896. A law school with two lecturers was organized in 1899. There is also a medical school at Hyderabad, supported by the State, of which the Residency Surgeon is the principal. It has, however, no connexion with the Educational department. A thriving normal school exists at the capital, through which all teachers of primary schools are being gradually passed, while another for girls at Secunderabad, founded by the Wesleyan Mission, supplies teachers for the girls’ schools under that agency and is doing excellent work. The industrial school at Aurangabad was established about 1889, and has done a great deal to revive and improve many industries for which that place was once famous. Another industrial school was opened at Warangal in 1890, and has been transferred to Hyderabad, where it is doing good work. A Sanskrit school 3 started at Hyderabad in 1899, is aided by the State. Provision is made for the education of Europeans and Eurasians in eight schools at the capital, which receive grants from the British Government and work under the Bengal code for European schools. Three of them receive an additional grant from the Hyderabad State. In 1901 these schools contained 650 pupils. Some of the pupils find employment as officers in the Hyderabad regular troops, while the Nizam’s Guaranteed State Railway, in its various departments, provides for others. While the Muhammadans form only X04 per cent, of the population of the State, they include 83 per cent, of the students in colleges, 45 per cent, of the pupils in secondary, and 42 per cent, of the pupils in primary schools. These results are due to the position held by Muhammadans in a State of which the ruler belongs to their religion. It is noticeable that the Hindus are more successful in examinations, proportionately to their numbers, than the Muhammadans. MEDICAL Of the aboriginal tribes, the Gonds and Lambadis form the majority, but none avail themselves of the opportunities for educating their children placed within their reach. The Bhlls, chiefly found in the Aurangabad Division, are beginning to send their children to school. The schools throughout the State are open to children of all castes without distinction
but in practice few of the lower classes avail them selves of the permission, partly owing to the prejudices of the higher castes. In 1901, 23 boys belonging to the aboriginal tribes and 626 outcastes were at school, the greater number of the latter being found in the different mission schools. According to the Census of 1901 literate persons numbered 29-55 per 1,000 of the total population, but taking males and females sepa rately, the proportions are 54-7 and 3-4 respectively. Persons literate in English were 1-3 per 1,000 of the total population. Of the various religions, the Christians were far ahead of the others in point of literacy, there being 443 literate persons in every 1,000 professing that faith. The Musalmans came next with 54, while the Hindus and Animists followed with 25 and 1 respectively. Particulars of the expenditure on education and number of institu tions and scholars will be found in Tables VIII and IX (p. 306). The first systematic attempt to control the Press and the registration of books and newspapers in the State was made in 1886. The total number of newspapers and periodicals published in 1901 was 14, of which 12 were in Urdu, and 2 in Urdu and Marathi combined. No English papers are issued here, although several published elsewhere have a large circulation in the State, and are mainly devoted to Hyderabad affairs. Seven of the fourteen were newspapers, and the remainder monthly magazines. Politics are discussed in the former, while the latter are devoted to legal, social, and literary topics. The
a daily paper, has the largest circulation. The total number of books registered in 1901 was 23, which may be classified according to their subject matter as follows: law (6), history (2), religion (4), poetry (3), medical (1), mathematics (1), fiction (2), and miscellaneous (4). Apart from an Urdu translation of the biography of the late Amir of Kabul, these books are more or less original in character. The first medical institution opened in the State was the Hyder abad Medical school, founded in 1846, which has done much useful work in training medical officers and subordinates Medical for the Hyderabad medical service, and hospital ’ assistants for Berar. At first instruction was imparted in Urdu, but since 1884 English has been the medium. Till 1885 a board of medical officers from Secunderabad conducted the examinations ; but since that year the written part has been supervised by a board
H J
DERÀBAD S TA TE of examiners of the Madras Medical College or the Bombay Grant Mcdical College, the oral examination being conducted by a medical board from Secunderabad. The course is approximately the same as the L. M. & S. of the Madras University. At present the State medical department is under a Director, who is also the Residency Surgeon, assisted by a competent staff of sur geons at head-quarters. The District staff consists of from 3 to 5 surgeons, 1 to 5 hospital assistants, 4 to 7 compounders, and from 5 to 11 vaccinators, according to the extent and requirements of each District. Most of the surgeons are passed students of the Hyderabad medical school. There are two lady doctors at Aurangabad ; while Gulbarga, Raiclnir, and Warangal Districts each have one. At Hyderabad a large staff of medical men is maintained, there being 15 surgeons, 7 hospital assistants, 24 compounders, and ir vaccinators, besides a number of nurses with diplomas who tend the sick in the hospitals. The total strength for the State is 74 surgeons, 12 lady doctors, 31 hospital assistants, 104 compounders, and r 16 vaccinators. Statistics are only available from 1884-5. that Y ear
there were 6 hospitals in the city and suburbs and 48 dispensaries in the Districts. By 1891 the number of dispensaries had increased to 67, and in 1901 it rose to 84. The total number of out-patients treated in all institu tions in 1884-5, 189r, and 1901 was 292,515, 384,660, and 636,044 respectively. The major operations performed in the same years were 393> 3)3 1 3) an d 4,628, while minor operations numbered 3,377, 16,795, and 1,500. In the
department for pardd females attached to the Afzal Ganj Hospital at Hyderabad city, the number of cases treated in 1901 was about 3,000 and the operations performed 2,000. The whole cost of the department is met from State funds, and the expenditure in 1901 was 5-4 lakhs. No separate lunatic asylum is maintained, though there is some accommodation for lunatics in the Hyderabad Central jail. I11 1891 this contained 7 criminal and 29 other lunatics, while in 1901 their numbers were 21 and 109 respectively. The whole of the expenditure is borne by the State, the cost in 1891 and 1901 being Rs. 2,411 and Rs. 9,600 respectively. The principal cause of insanity is said to be the use of narcotic drugs and spirits. Vaccination was commenced in 1884-5, "'hen 48 vaccinators were employed, and the number of successful operations was 44,062, the cost per case being Rs. 1-3-0. In 1891 there were 76,880 successful cases, while in 1901 the number was only 37,880. The increase in 1891 was due to the larger number of vaccinators employed by the local boards, while in 1901 a large number of vaccinators were deputed on famine and plague duty. The cost of the department in 1891 and 1901 was Rs. 49,160 and Rs. 57,302 respectively; the average per
successful case for these years being R. 0-10-3 an d R 1 ’- 1-3-0* Opera tions are carried out exclusively with calf lymph, which is prepared at the vaccination depot in the State. Vaccination is performed accord ing to the European method, and inoculation does not seem to be practised. Hyderabad State was included in the Great Trigonometrical Survey. The subsequent topographical surveys were based on, or extended from, the main series of triangulation. The Darbar „ , . . . . 0 ,
r
, Surveys, co-operated m this important work. It appears prob able that Todar Mai’s revenue system was introduced in most of the Maratha Districts of the State early in the seventeenth century by Malik Ambar and Murshid Kuli Khan, and was based on a rough survey of lands. On the formation of regular Districts about 1865-6, the
of 3,600 square yards was taken as a standard, and lands were roughly measured. About 1876 it was decided to commence accurate survey operations, and the work was first undertaken in Aurangabad District, and subsequently extended to other
and
Districts. In this systematic survey the areas were reckoned in English acres. The Aurangabad and Gulbarga Divisions were sur veyed and settled by the end of 1894. The Bidar and Warangal Divisions were also surveyed and settled by the end of 1904 and 1905, the only portions still remaining unsurveyed and unsettled being the District of Adilabad (Sirpur Tandiir) and certain taluks of Karlmnagar (Elgandal) District. [Syed Hossain Bilgrami and C. Willmott, Historical and Descriptive Sketch of the Nizam's Dominions , 2 vols. (Bombay, 1883-4); Gazetteer of Aurangabad (Bombay, 1884); Hastings Eraser, Memoir and Corre spondence of Colonel James Stuart Eraser (1885); Meadows Taylor, Story of My Life ,
vols. (1877); J. S. King,
(1900); J. D. B. Gribble, A History of the Deccan (1896);
Mirza Mehdy
Khan, Hyderabad Census Report,
1901; A. J. Dunlop, Administration Report of the Nizam's Dominions for 1303
and 1304-7 Easli (1894 and 1S95-S); Report on the Famine Relief Operations in the Nizam's Dominions in 1899 1900; Depart mental Administration Reports.~] SCRl'EYS 2 ijn TABLE I. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f
P o p u l a t i o n , H y d e r a b a d S t a t e
, 1901
Distriet or State. Area in square
miles. Num
ber of tow 11s.
Number of
\ illages. T Persons. otal Population. Males. 1
Females, i Urban Population. Persons, j Males. Females. Persons per square mile in rural areas. Atraf-i-balda, including Hyder abad city and suburbs 3,399 ’
869,16s 446,258
422,910 448,466
232,295 216,171
12 5
(
Indur (Xizamabad) . Medak (Gulshanabad) Mahbiibnagar . . .
Nalgonda . . .
. 4,8 2 2
2,005 6,543
4.‘43 7 2 1,152 6.Ì 1
1
» 3 5 3 972 634.588
366,722 705,725
699>779 316,528
I S6,272 357,098
374,577 318,060
180,450 348,627
325,202 53.806
20,285 19,616
I 1,695 26,4s 2
10,460 9,942
5,955 27,324
9,825 9,674
5,740 I 20
173 I0 5 166 Total
IVarangal Division. W a r a n g a l . . . . . Elgandal (Karlinnagar) Sirpur Tandili (Adilabad) . >7:513 14
2,-106,814 i, 2 34-l75 1,172,339 105,402 52,839
52,563 13»
9,7 2 9 7,203 5,°
2 9 3 7 1 i,4 s 8 1 ?5 1 6 983 952,646
1,035,582 27 2 ,8l5 496,041
540,649 137,572
456,605 494,933
1.35,243 28,242
49,372 6,303
15,517 25,662
2,976 1 2,725 23,710 3,327
95 !36
53 Total
Gnlbarga Division. Gulbarga . . .
.
Osmanabad . . . . Raichiir . . .
.
Lingsugur . . . . .
P.Idar . . . . . 2 1,961
]
1 3,987 2,261.043 1,174,26 2 1,086.781 83,9! 7 44,155
39,762 99 4,092 4,010 3, 6 04 4.879
4,168 / 6 6 7 1,102 860 893
1,266 1 ,457 74 2 ,745 535,027 509,249
675,813 766,1 29
376,876 270,924
256,332 338,415
385,067 365,86.;
264,103 252,917
337,39 s
381,062 69,223
46,743 58,113
46,996 53,585
35.557 23,701
27.558 23,212
26,46s 33,666
23,042 30,555
23,784 27,'i7
165 122
126 129
1 7 1 Total Aurangabad Division. Aurangabad . . .
Parbhani .............................................. Xander .
. . . .
1 Shir . . . . . . 20,753 5,578 3,228,963 i ,627,614 1,601,349 274,660 136,496
138,164 142
6,1 72 5,09!
3,349 4,460
5 4 4 1,825 i,495
1,170 1,000
721,407 645,76.5
503,684 492,2.58
361,082 323,312
251,081 248,151
360,325 322,453
252,603 244,107
82,355 59,648
34,375 43,286
41,846 30,161
17, 1 S 2 2 2,33 s 40,509 29,487 17,193
20,948 103
1 1 5 140 101
Total 19,072
20 5-49°
2,363,1 14 1,183,626 1,179,48s 219,664
111,527 108,137
11 2 Railways . . .
. I 2,040
7,394 4,646
Grand total 82,698
79 20,010
1 1,141,142 5,673,629 5,467,5 1
1,132,109 577,3*
2 554-797
1 21 N ote . —In 1905 the Districts were rearranged, the area of almost every one being altered. Details of the new areas, so far as available, will be found in the District articles.
TABLES TABLE II
S tatistics
of
griculture , H
yderabad S tate (In square miles) Total area . . . . Total uncultivated area . . Cultivable, but not cultivated . Uncultivable . . . . Total area cultivated . . Irrigated from canals . . ,, ,, wells and tanks „ „ other sources . Total area irrigated . . . Unirrigated area . . .
Rice . . . . . Wheat . . . . . J o w à r . . . . . B d j r a . . . . . Other food-grains . . . Oilseeds . ... . Chillies ... . Cotton . . . . . Other fibres . . .
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