I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Total. Cultivated. Irrigated. Cultivable waste. Forests. Gnni . . 9S6
- Tando Bago . 650 271
T T which the Resident exercises civil and criminal jurisdiction. The population of the bazars in 1901 was 16,904, and they form a great centre of trade, where branch houses and representatives of all the wealthy bankers in India are to be found. West of the Residency hospital is the Local Funds building. On the right of the road leading from the western gate of the Residency is located the Hyderabad branch of the Bank of Bengal, an imposing stone building. The British Post Office is situated in the north-west corner of the limits of the Residency Bazars, and a little to the north lie St. George’s Church and schools, adjoining which is the old cemetery. The Husain Sagar, a large sheet of water, which when full extends over an area of 8 square miles, lies between Secunderabad on the north and Saifabad, a portion of Hyderabad, on the south, and is the source of water-supply for the Residency and suburbs north of the Musi river. The dam is 2,500 yards long, and forms the road con necting the northern suburbs with Secunderabad. It was built by Sultan Ibrahim Kutb Shah, in about 1575,
at a cost of lakhs. The Mir Alam, situated to the south-west of the city, is another magnificent sheet of water, 8 miles in circumference. The dam consists of a series of 21 semicircular retaining walls with their convex side facing the water. Its total length is 1,120 yards, and it was constructed by French engineers in the Nizam’s service. Mir Alam, the Minister, built this, and the Baradari and other buildings, out of the prize-money which fell to his share after the fall of Seringapatam. The dam alone cost 8 lakhs. The city and suburbs are now amply supplied with water from these two large tanks. Water-works have been constructed, though the systems are not yet complete. This supply has led to a considerable improvement in sanitation ; and cholera, which used to be an annual visitor, has not been known in the city for the last few years. The houses of well-to-do people in the city are chiefly built of stone and brick, standing within large gardens. Those of the commoner people were formerly built of mud, but are now gradually being replaced by brick structures. The old streets and lanes were narrow, but have of late been widened through the exertions of the municipality. In the northern suburbs, however, most of the houses are of a much superior plan, resembling the bungalows of Europeans, and are situated in suitable compounds. It may be said that practically three-fourths of the old city and suburbs have been rebuilt or renovated since the ministry of the late Sir Salar Jang, in addition to the buildings erected during the last half-century. Hyderabad now contains three colleges, several English and verna cular schools, a large Roman Catholic church, and a number of placcs of worship for other Christian denominations. The public gardens. 3 X 2 ii i ' de rah a d err ] r beautifully laid out, with two large tanks in the centre, and surrounded by a picturesque wall, lie at the foot of the Naubat Pahar. To the south of these gardens is the Hyderabad station of the Nizam’s Guaranteed State Railway. Near the Afzal Bridge are the Afzal Ganj Hospital and Mosque ; the former has accommodation for 78 in-patients, and a large staff of surgeons and nurses. Most of the State secretariats and other offices are situated in Saifabad and Chadarghat, but the High Court and the Small Cause and Magistrates’ Courts, the Treasury, and the Accountant General’s and certain other offices are located in the city. The system of municipal administration and the arts and manufactures carried on in the city are described in the article on H yderabad
S tate
. Hyderabad District.—District in the province of Sind, Bombay, lying between 24 0 13' and 27 0 14' N. and 67° 52' arid 69° 22' E., with an area of 8,291 square miles. It is bounded 011 the north by the State of Khairpur ; on the east by Khairpur and the Thar and Parkar District; on the south by the Rann of Cutch ; and on the west by the river Indus and Karachi District. The District is a vast alluvial plain, 210 miles long by 48 broad. Fertile along the course of the Indus, which forms its western boundary, . it degenerates towards the east into sandy tracts, Phvsical • • aspects which have recently, by the construction of the Jamrao and Nasrat Canals, been reclaimed from the desert and promise to become most fertile regions. A small limestone range in the Hyderabad tdluka, known as the Ganjo hills, runs nearly due south parallel to the river for about 14 miles. The monotony of the great flats is relieved by the fringe of forests which marks the course of the river, and by the avenues of trees that line the irrigation channels branching eastward from the beneficent stream. The Tando subdivision, in the south of the District, has special features in its large natural watercourses ( dhoras ), and grass-covered depressions
or
dhandhs), which retain rain and surplus canal- water for many months and nourish a luxuriant growth of
trees
on their margins. The Indus borders the District for 150 miles. Except in the neighbourhood of Hyderabad city, where there are hills of Klrthar limestone (middle eocene), the entire District is occupied by the alluvium of the Indus. The fruit trees common in the District are the mango, lime, mulberry, date, plantain, orange, peach, fig, pomegranate, and grape. Of forest trees, the commonest is the
others are the kandi, geduri
/at/folia), ber, ba/idu, and several varieties of tamarisk. On the road side and in gardens the
), the
the
tali or
black wood, the siras (Albizzia Lebbek), the
ni/n, the horse-radish tree, and the tamarind are met with. The bush jungle comprises the wild
II);DERABAD DISTRICT 3*3
caper, the khabar (Salvadora pérsica), the
jhar (Salvadora oleoides), the
ok, and the eamel-thorn or kas (Al/iagi maurorum). Wild grasses useful for fodder are the
’ and
makhni ; others used in mixing mud plaster are the drab and
of reeds, the kanh, used in making reed mats, and the bulrush are the most common. The wolf, fox, jackal, hog deer, antelope, hare, badger, otter, and hog almost complete the list of wild animals. Among birds, the til fir is remarkable, and most of the common kinds of wild duck and water fowl are to be met with during the cold season. Sand-grouse, quail, and black and grey partridge are common. Venomous reptiles abound, including the cobra, the
), and the karait (Bungarus caeruleus). The Indus supplies a great variety of fish, of which the
is said to be peculiar to this river and is caught only hetween March and August. Great variations of rlimate obtain within the District. The hot season lasts from April till July, with an average maximum temperature of 104° In August and September the heat is tempered by rain, and an immense amount of water is used in cultivation. In October the mercury rises again temporarily, but for the rest of the year the weather is dry and pleasant. In December and January frosts are not uncommon at night; at Guni, on the night of December 26, 1903, the thermometer fell to
and on the following night to 27 0 . Frosts such as these cause widespread damage to the cotton crop. In the north of the District greater extremes of heat and cold are met with, while in the south the proximity of the sea adds moisture to the air. Fogs are not uncommon in the cold season. In the Tando subdivision fevers are prevalent in consequence of the swamps, especially as the inundation recedes ; but on the whole the District in normal years is healthy. The annual rainfall averages 5-7 inches, the local distribution being: Hyderabad 7, Badin 6, and Naushahro 3 inches. In 1869 there was an extraordinary fall of 20 inches all over the District. The same year is memorable for an outbreak of epidemic cholera, and in the Hyderabad táluka of severe fever. The history of Sind since 1768 centres in this District, for all the events of the eighteenth century affected more or less nearly Hyderabad, the modern capital of the province. Under the old . name of Xerankot, this city was, in the eighth History, century, sufficiently important to be the first object of Muhammad bin Kasim’s invasion of Lower Sind. A thousand years later, Ghulam Shah, the Kalhora chief, burst from the desert, overthrew his usurping brothers, and made Xerankot, then renamed Hyderabad, his capital. Thenceforth this District assumes a foremost piare in the history of Sind. Under the Tal pur dynasty it remained the leading state ; and 3 r 4 HYDERABAD DISTRICT within its limits were fought the battles of Miani and Dabo, which decided (1843) the fate of -Sind. Its local history is, however, so mixed up with that of the province, that little could be here said of it separately which will not more properly find a place under the history of
S i n d
. Before i86r, Umarkot District (now in Thar and Parkar District) and a large portion of the eastern delta (now part of the Shah- bandar
tiihtka of Karachi) were included in Hyderabad. Since 1884 some trifling adjustments of territory have been made with Karachi and Thar and Parkar, and in 1894 the talitka of MTrpur Khas was transferred to the latter. 'The
of Kandiaro and Naushahro were resumed by Government in 1852 from the domains of Mir All Murad of Khairpur, on his public conviction for forgery and fraud, and transferred to this District. Numerous tombs with inscriptions are met with throughout the Dis trict. The antiquities of special interest at Hyderabad are the tombs of the Kalhora and Talpur rulers, richly decorated with coloured tiles in geometric and floral patterns ; the colours are cruder and the designs less artistic than in similar work at T a t t a
in Karachi District. The population of the District has increased by 47 per cent, since . 1872. The totals at the enumerations were : (1872) Popu ation. 677,994, (1881) 703,637, and (1891) 861,994. Accord ing to the Census of 190T, the total was 989,030, distributed as follows :— U
1 rt Number of 1* OJ .
C._U ^5 „ a;
~ • 0 cr c /5 75 1;
O 0 5 V _ O' -
& .x .2
0 | -
3 §|
3
n° *3 - Is §11
H E c ij >
rt » ZJ u 0 H >• 0 P h 0 S P h * * &H " g. 3 0 Z u
a. friini
. . 9S6
1 I 91,506 93 + 14 2, T54 Badin
. . 792
^5 81,79°
i°3 +11
731 Tando Bago . 697
141 74^76
107 + is
694 Dero Mohbat . 604 137
46,9‘9 7 s +12 3 T 5 Hyderabad . 39 s
1 I 9 s 138,021
347 +13
14,516 Tando Alahyar 690 ,
107
87,990 128
+ >5 2,078
Shahdadpur . 644
1 102
7 3 >504 114
+ 2 5 ',53 2 llala . . 503 2 103 98,230 *95
+ S J, 2 3 5
Sakrand . . 786
109 64,036
84 + 36
810 Moro . .
402 7« 66,641 166 + 20
1,369 Naushahro . 539 ! 105
97>5° 6 1S1 + 7 3,056
Kandiaro . 320 j
69 6'-.937
197 + 13
2,158 Nasrat* . . 930 j 74
5 3 ° c District total 8,291 7
989,030 1 1 9 + >5
30.94S ‘ This
¡ahtka was formed in 1503 from portions of (lie Moro and Shalidadjur ta/itkas. The District contains 7 towns and 1,405 1 villages. The towns are: H y d e r a b a d C i t y
, the head-quarters, M a t i a r i , T a n d o
A d a m
, H a
l a , 1 According to the Census of 1901, 41 new villages have sprang lip in the parts of .the District that were formerly desert, . POPULA TI OX 315
T a n d o
M u h a m m a d K h a n , N a s a r p u r , and
T a n d o
A l a h y a r . The
density of population is 119 persons per square mile, but varies consider ably in different parts. SindT, the chief vernacular of the District, is spoken by 91 per cent, of the people. Classified according to religion, Hindus form 24 per cent., and Musalmans 75 per cent. Among the Hindus, the chief castes are Lohanas (148,000), who are clerks and traders ; Dheds (24,000), who are scavengers ; and KolTs (15.000), who are employed in cultivation. Of the Muhammadans, nearly three-fourths are Sindis, the descendants of the original Hindu population converted to Islam during the Ummayid dynasty of Khallfs, chiefly represented by the Sam más (226,000) and the Sum ras (36,000). There are 27,000 Muhammadan Jats. The Sindis have a fine physique, but are timid and lacking in moral fibre ; they are looked down upon by the more warlike tribes of the District as natural serfs. Next in point of numbers among the Muhammadans are the Baluchis (163,000), subdivided into a great number of tribes, the chief being the Rind ( 2 1 . 0 0 0 ) , Dombki ( t o , 0 0 0 ) , Khosa
( 1 2 , 0 0 0 ) , Jamali
( 1 1 , 0 0 0 ) , Jakrani
(3.000), Llghari (21,000), Chandia (Husaini and Haj!) (22,000), Korai (9,000), Jatoi (14,000), Burdis (Sundar and Haj!) (18,000), Marri (11,000), and Lashári (13,000). Their leading clan is the Rind, and its members are held by the rest of the community in high respect. Fairer in complexion than the Sindis, they are also a hardier race; honourable after their own code, and manly in field sports. They are Sunnis by sect. More important, however, as regards social status and personal character are the Pathans (6,000), found chiefly about Hyder abad and Upper Sind, with the naturalized Arabs (37,000) returning themselves as Alwi (54), Bani Abbás (1,300), Husaini (10,000), Hasani (2,500), Kureshi (9,000), and Kalhora (8,000). They are superior to the foregoing in personal appearance and morale. From their being held in great esteem by the princes of the Kalhora dynasty, they acquired considerable grants of land, which they still possess. The remaining Muhammadan classes worthy of mention are the Muhános or fishermen (33,000) and the Shaikhs (7,000), the latter being Memons, formerly Hindus who emigrated from Cutch to Sind under Kalhora rule and devoted themselves to trade. The number of persons supported by agriculture form 64 per cent, of the total population. General labour supports 6 per cent., industry 15 per cent., and commerce one per cent. The total Christian population numbers 1,345,
of whom 192 are natives, mostly Roman Catholics. The Church Missionary Society has a branch at Hyderabad, where it maintains a high school and a primary school for boys, attended respectively by 56 and T13 pupils. The Zanana Mission, established at Hyderabad in 1885,
has a dispensary for women and 6 primary schools for girls. 3 1 6 II i
’DR RAP A D D IS TRIC T The different kinds of soils prevailing in the District are four in number: soil containing a large admixture of sand, but with good . productive capabilities ; hard and firm soil; sandy Agriculture. _ s q . j
s j r o n giy impregnated w'ith salt. The greater part of the land in the northernmost division is very fertile. In the Hala and Tando subdivisions, towards the east, there is much sandy and unprofitable land. In the Tando subdivision, to the south and east, are extensive salt plains. The chief statistics of cultivation in 1903-4 are shown below, in square miles :— Talitka. Total. Cultivated. Irrigated. Cultivable waste. Forests. Gnni . . 9S6 334
161 295 9 ] Badin . . 79
254
437
Tando Bago . 650 271 *45
34i Dero Mohbnt . 723
37S 153
-.■>/ Hyderabad . 3 S 4 21 7 101 34
- s i Tando Alahyar rfi 287 9* 23S Shahdadpur . 545 297 110 5 35 64 Hala . . 5
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