Science and technology studies

In Europe[edit]

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  In Europe, the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology (EASST) was founded in 1981 to "improve scholarly communication and exchange in the field", "increase the visibility of the subject to policy-makers and to the general public", and "stimulate and support teaching on the subject at all levels".^[49] Similarly, the European Inter-University Association on Society, Science and Technology (ESST) researches and studies science and technology in society, in both historical and contemporary perspectives.
  
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  In European nation states and language communities, a range of STS associations exist, including in the UK, Spain, Germany, Austria, Turkey. For instance, in 2015, the UK-based Association for Studies in Innovation, Science and Technology (AsSIST-UK) was established, Chaired by Andrew Webster (York) and Robin Williams (Edinburgh) principally to foster stronger integration between the innovation studies and STS fields.^[50] In 2021 it had a membership of 380.^[51] It holds annual conferences and has built strong links to policy practitioners in Westminster.^[52]
  
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  In Italy, STS Italia – The Italian Society for Social Studies of Science and Technology was founded in 2005. Its mission is "to build up an Italian network of researchers oriented to study Science and Technology starting from the social dynamics which characterize and interweave science and technology themselves".^[53]
  

In Asia[edit]

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  The Asia Pacific Science Technology & Society Network (APSTSN)^[54] primarily has members from Australasia, Southeast and East Asia and Oceania.
  
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  In Japan, the Japanese Society for Science and Technology Studies (JSSTS)^[55] was founded in 2001.
  

In Latin America[edit]

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  Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (ESOCITE) is the biggest association of Science and Technology studies. The study of STS (CyT in Spanish, CTS in Portuguese) here was shaped by authors like Amílcar Herrera [es] and Jorge Sabato and Oscar Varsavsky [es] in Argentina, José Leite Lopes in Brazil, Miguel Wionczek in Mexico, Francisco Sagasti in Peru, Máximo Halty Carrere in Uruguay and Marcel Roche in Venezuela.^[56]