Science and technology studies

Related concepts[edit]

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  Technoscience^[12] – The perception that science and technology are intertwined and depend on each other.
  
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  Technosociety^[33] – An industrially developed society with a reliance on technology.
  
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  Technological utopianism – A positive outlook on the effect technology has on social welfare. Includes the perception that technology will one day enable society to reach a utopian state.
  
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  Technosocial systems^[34] – people and technologies that combine to work as heterogeneous but functional wholes.
  
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  Critical Technical Practice^[35] – the practice of technological creation while simultaneously critiquing and maintaining awareness of the inherent biases and value systems which become embedded in those technologies.
  

Classifications[edit]

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  Technological optimism^[36] – The opinion that technology has positive effects on society and should be used in order to improve the welfare of people.
  
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  Technological pessimism^[36] – The opinion that technology has negative effects on society and should be discouraged from use.
  
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  Technological neutrality^[34] – "maintains that a given technology has no systematic effects on society: individuals are perceived as ultimately responsible, for better or worse, because technologies are merely tools people use for their own ends."
  
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  Technological determinism^[34] – "maintains that technologies are understood as simply and directly causing particular societal outcomes."
  
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  Scientism^[37] – The belief in the total separation of facts and values.
  
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  Technological progressivism^[37] – technology is a means to an end itself and an inherently positive pursuit.
  

Academic programs[edit]
STS is taught in several countries. According to the STS wiki, STS programs can be found in twenty countries, including 45 programs in the United States, three programs in India, and eleven programs in the UK.^[38] STS programs can be found in Canada,^[39] Germany,^[40] Israel,^[41] Malaysia,^[42] and Taiwan.^[43] Some examples of institutions offering STS programs are Stanford University,^[44] Harvard University,^[45] the University of Oxford,^[46] Mines ParisTech,^[47] Bar-Ilan University,^[48] and York University.^[39]
Professional associations[edit]
The field has professional associations in regions and countries around the world.