Shovak O. I. Fundamentals of the Theory of Speech Communication

1 context
2 message
3 sender
4 receiver

5. 
   channel
   

6code
Fig. 7 Jacobson’s communication model
The first referential function corresponds to contextual information-, the second poetic function depicts such a component of communication as a message; the third function, and namely, emotive points to the sender and is connected with self-expression. The cognative communicative function realizes vocative or imperative addressing of receiver. The fifth communicative function phatic checks whether the channel is working. The last metalingual function of communication checks whether the code (that is the system of signals) is working.
e. Schramm's model
Wilbur L.Schramm was one of the forefathers in the development of a basic model of communication. His model is a derivation of the Shannon-Weaver transmission model of communication. This is the first example of the interactive models. Interactive models emphasize the process of encoding and decoding the message. Wilbur Schramm considered this process as a two-way circular communication between the sender and receiver (Fig.8).

Fig.8 Schramm's communication model

This model shows more explicidy that human communication is a circle rather than a one-way event. Each part of the communication process is perceived as both an encoder and a decoder. In addition, each part acts as an interpreter, understanding the messages he or she receives in a somewhat different way. This is because we are affected by a field of experience. Field of experience represents an individual's beliefs, values and experiences. If the source's and destination’s fields of experience overlap, communication can take place. If there is no such an overlap, or only a small area is in common, communication is difficult if not impossible.