Tense degan atama bilan ifodalanadi. Macmillian English Dictionary for Advanced Learners lug'atida zamon, ya'ni tense

Oddiy oʻtgan zamon shakli Oʻtgan davomiy zamon shakli
Ega+must have+V
3(ed)
Ega+must have been+V
ing

Your test results are high. You must have studied very hard. (Sizning test natijalaringiz yuqori, siz
juda qattiq oʻqigan boʻlsangiz kerak.)

Jack didn't answer the phone yesterday. He must have been sleeping.

He was very tired. He must have been working hard all day.
Oʻtgan zamonda biror voqeadan -magan boʻlsa kerak, -ishi mumkin emas edi deb boʻlishsiz xulosa
chiqarishda quyidagi qurilma qoʻllaniladi.
Oddiy oʻtgan zamon shakli Oʻtgan davomiy zamon shakli
Ega+can't have+V
3(ed)
Ega+can't have been+V
ing

She passed me in the street without speaking. She can't have seen me. (U koʻchada meni yonimdan
gapirmasdan oʻtib ketdi, u meni koʻrmagan boʻlsa kerak.)

Tom walked straight into the wall. He can't have been looking where he was going.

The driver can't have seen the red light that's why the accident happened.
TO BE FE
'
LINING MODAL MA
'
NOSI
to be fe'li hozirgi va kelasi zamonda fe'lning infinitiv shakli bilan qoʻllanilib, modal ma'noga ega boʻladi.
Bunday qurilma hozirgi yoki kelasi zamonda oldindan belgilangan kelishuv yoki rejaga bog'liq boʻlgan
majburiyatni bildiradi.
I am to +V
1
He/she/it is to+V
1
We/you/they are to+V
1

They are to begin this work at once. (Ular ishni darhol boshlashlari kerak.)

He is to come at 12.30 oʻclock. (U oʻn ikki yarimda kelishi kerak.)
Oʻtgan zamonda esa oldindan kelishilgan ish-harakat amalga oshishi kerak boʻlganini bildiradi. Ish-harakat
amalga oshgan yoki oshmaganligi gapning mazmunidan ma'lum boʻladi.
I was to+V