(10) Molybdenum:
It improves wear resistance, hardness, thermal resistance, ability to
retain mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and helps to inhibit temper
brittleness.
(11) Vanadium:
It increases tensile strength, elastic limit, ductility, shock resistance and
also acts as a degaser when added to molten steel. It provides improvement to
hardenability of steel.
(12)
It is a very good deoxidizer and promotes grain growth. It is the strongest carbide
former. Titanium is used to fix carbon in stainless steel and thus prevents the
precipitation of chromium-carbide.
(13) Niobium:
It improves ductility, decreases hardenability and substantially improves
the impact strength. It also promotes fine grain growth.
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