Final Assessment Questions on “Theoretical phonetics” Card-1 Connection of Phonetics with Other Sciences

Lingual Consonants
-Forelingual consonants:

• 
  interdental (predorsal dental) – [θ], [ð]
  (the tongue’s front surface forms a partial occlusion with the upper teeth);
  
• 
  apical alveolar – [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [t∫], [dʒ]
  (the front edge rises to the alveolar ridge);
  
• 
  cacuminal post-alveolar – [r]
  (the front edge is raised and a little bent to the alveolar back slope).
  
• 
  In mediolingual consonants an occlusion is formed by raising the middle part to the hard palate. Such is articulating the only English dorsal palatal [j] sound.
  

-Backlingual consonants are articulated by raising the back part to the soft palate – [k], [g], [ŋ]. These are dorsal velar sounds.
-The only English glottal [h] sound forms in the glottis.
By noise-forming occlusion type, consonants may be occlusive articulated with a full occlusion in the mouth cavity and constrictive articulated with a partial occlusion in the mouth cavity.

• 
  Occlusive consonants – [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [t∫], [dʒ].
  
• 
  Constrictive consonants – [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h], [w], [l], [r], [j].
  

Card-14

1. 
   The phonological status of diphthongs.
   

English diphthongs are regarded as the combinations of two phonemes. They have constitutive, distinctive and recognitive functions in the structure of English. On the syntagmatic axis the structure of a diphthong is represented by three properties: a) the first component, called its nucleous; b) the second element, called its glide; c) its monosyllabic character, i.e. forming the crest of the syllable as in the word time /taim/. A diphthong (/ˈdɪfθɔːŋ, ˈdɪp-, -θɒŋ/ DIF-thawng, DIP-, -⁠thong; from Ancient Greek δίφθογγος (díphthongos) 'two sounds', from δίς (dís) 'twice', and φθόγγος (phthóngos) 'sound'), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most varieties of English, the phrase "no highway cowboy" (/noʊ ˈhaɪweɪ ˈkaʊbɔɪ/) has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable.American English pronunciation of "no highway cowboys", showing five diphthongs: /oʊ, aɪ, eɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ/
Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs, where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound. For instance, in English, the word ah is spoken as a monophthong (/ɑː/), while the word ow is spoken as a diphthong in most varieties (/aʊ/). Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables (e.g. in the English word re-elect) the result is described as hiatus, not as a diphthong. (The English word hiatus is itself an example of both hiatus and diphthongs.)Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech during a conversation. However, there are also unitary diphthongs, as in the English examples above, which are heard by listeners as single-vowel sounds (phonemes).

2.