Final Evaporation Control in reservoirs
Download 1.3 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
evaporation-control-in-reservoirs
3.5
Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure is very much related to other factors affecting evaporation. It is, therefore, difficult to assess its effect separately. The number of air molecules per unit volume increases with pressure. Consequently with high pressure, there is more chance that vapour molecules 5 escaping from the water surface will collide with an air molecule and rebound into the liquid. Hence evaporation is likely to decrease with increasing pressure. 3.6 Quality of Water The salt content in water affects the rate of evaporation. Experimental studies show that the rate of evaporation decreases with increase in salt content in water. In the case of sea water, the evaporation is 2 to 3% less as compared to fresh water, when other conditions are same. 6 4.0 METHODS OF DETERMINING EVAPORATION Evaporation can be determined by several methods. The following methods and their modifications are generally used by different scientists: i) The Water Budget or Storage Equation ii) Measurement in an Auxiliary Pan iii) The Evaporation Formulae or the Empirical Formulae iv) Mass Transfer Method or the Humidity and Wind Velocity Gradient Method v) Energy Budget Method or Insolation Method 4.1 Water Budget / Storage Equation Method In this method the evaporation is determined by the equation : E = P+I-O+U+S, where, E = evaporation P = precipitation on the water surface I = surface inflow O = surface outflow U = underground inflow or outflow and S = change in storage. S is (-)ve for any increase and (+)ve for any decrease in storage. The quantities are usually expressed as millimeter depth in the water area for some convenient time interval. For correct assessment of evaporation by the above method, loss of water due to seepage, which may be significant, is to be determined. Some work has been done in this field in our country. Two research stations, namely Irrigation Research Institute, Poondi, Chennai and Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee, Uttaranchal have made attempts to develop methods of measuring seepage. The technique developed by the former involves the measurement of seepage of water through the bed. The device as shown in Fig 4.1 is used for measuring the seepage loss. The apparatus consists of 2 cylindrical pans, 1.23 m diameter and 0.43 m high with a hole of 38 mm diameter in the center and short metal pipes of about 102 mm in length are welded to the holes to project outside from the bottom. These metal pipes serve to connect the pans to each other with the help of a rubber hose. One of the pans is inverted and rammed into the bed such that at least 229 mm of its sides penetrate into the soil; the other pan with its open end facing upwards is supported on a frame-work above the first with its bottom at least 229 mm below the water surface of the tank. 7 Fig- 4.1 Seepage Meter developed by Irrigation Research Institute, Poondi The top pan is covered by a lid to prevent loss of water due to evaporation and water is poured into it to the same level as that in the tank on the outside of it. The loss of water level in the top pan indicates directly the loss of water due to seepage from the tank bed. It has been reported that consistent values could not be obtained. At the Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee, Uttaranchal attempts were made to improve the seepage meter developed by Regional Salinity Laboratory, Soil Conservation Service, River site, California, by replacing the plastic bag by a constant head vessel (Fig 4.2) to measure seepage in channels. The seepage meter essentially consists of a seepage cup, constant head vessel and the swivel head joint. The seepage meter is standardized before use. The value obtained by a seepage meter is to be multiplied by a coefficient greater than one for less previous soils and less than one for more previous soils. 8 Fig- 4.2 Seepage Meter developed by Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee The main disadvantage of the water budget or storage equation method is the varying degrees of accuracy of the quantities measured. This equation may not hold good where large springs occur in the lake beds or where large underground seepage losses occur. |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling