Flow chart completion

Flow chart completion
Sample Academic Reading Flow-chart Completion (selecting words from the text) [Note: This is an extract from a Part 3 text about the effect of a low-calorie diet on the ageing process.] Adapted from ‘The Serious Search for an Anti-Aging Pill’. Copyright © 2006 Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. No treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less, a 'caloricrestriction mimetic'? The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one. Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATPmaking machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.

Oqim sxemasini to‘ldirish

Akademik o‘qishning namunaviy sxemasi To‘ldirish (matndan so‘zlarni tanlash) [Izoh: Bu past kaloriyali dietaning qarish jarayoniga ta’siri haqidagi 3-qism matnidan olingan ko‘chirma.] “Antikani jiddiy izlash”dan moslashtirilgan. - Qarish tabletkasi. Mualliflik huquqi © 2006 Scientific American, Nature America, Inc.ning bo'limi. Barcha huquqlar himoyalangan. Bugungi kunda bozorda inson qarishini sekinlashtiradigan hech qanday davolash usuli isbotlanmagan. Ammo bitta aralashuv, past kaloriyali, ammo ozuqaviy jihatdan muvozanatli dietani iste'mol qilish hayvonlarning keng assortimentida juda yaxshi ishlaydi, uzoq umr ko'radi va salomatlikni uzaytiradi. Ushbu topilmalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, kaloriya cheklanishi odamlarda qarishni kechiktirishi va uzoq umr ko'rishi mumkin. Ammo, agar kimdir odamlarni kamroq ovqatlanishga majburlamasdan, kamroq ovqatlanishning fiziologik ta'siriga taqlid qiladigan tabletkalarni yaratsa nima bo'ladi? Kaloriyani cheklovchi mimetika uchun eng yaxshi o'rganilgan nomzod, 2DG (2-deoksi-D-glyukoza) hujayralar glyukozani qayta ishlash usuliga aralashish orqali ishlaydi. U hayvonlarda ba'zi dozalarda zaharli ekanligini isbotladi va shuning uchun odamlarda foydalanish mumkin emas. Ammo kimyoviy moddalar kaloriya cheklash ta'sirini takrorlashi mumkinligini ko'rsatdi; hiyla to'g'ri topish. Hujayralar oziq-ovqatdan olingan glyukozadan ATP (adenozin trifosfat) hosil qilish uchun foydalanadi, bu organizmdagi ko'plab faoliyatni ta'minlaydi. Oziq-ovqat iste'molini cheklash orqali kaloriyani cheklash hujayralarga kiradigan glyukoza miqdorini kamaytiradi va ATP ishlab chiqarishni kamaytiradi. 2DG normal ovqatlanadigan hayvonlarga yuborilganda, glyukoza hujayralarga ko'p miqdorda etib boradi, ammo preparat uning ko'p qismini qayta ishlashga to'sqinlik qiladi va shu bilan ATP sintezini kamaytiradi. Tadqiqotchilar nima uchun glyukozani qayta ishlash va ATP ishlab chiqarishning uzilishi qarishni kechiktirishi mumkinligi haqida bir nechta tushuntirishlarni taklif qilishdi. Imkoniyatlardan biri ATP ishlab chiqarish mexanizmining qarish va hujayralarga zarar etkazish orqali saraton kabi yoshga bog'liq kasalliklarga hissa qo'shadigan erkin radikallarni chiqarishi bilan bog'liq. Mashinalarning qisqarishi ularni ishlab chiqarishni cheklashi va shu bilan zararni cheklashi kerak. Boshqa bir faraz shuni ko'rsatadiki, glyukozani qayta ishlashning kamayishi hujayralarga oziq-ovqat tanqisligini ko'rsatishi mumkin (hatto u bo'lmasa ham) va ularni o'sish va ko'payish kabi "hashamatli" organizmni saqlashga urg'u beradigan qarishga qarshi rejimga o'tishga undaydi. .