For those of us who can remember route surveying with Loran c and SatNav, the introduction of
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- Ed Danson is C-Nav’s Business Development consultant based in Europe. His
17 For those of us who can remember route surveying with Loran C and SatNav, the introduction of GPS and Differential GPS was a dream come true. Gone were the vagaries and uncertainties; in came reliable accuracy and precision transforming vessel positioning from an art form to a science. Since those heady days, DGPS has become a by-word for navigation – the norm, not the exception. Accuracy improvements accompanied by cost reductions were all very welcomed by the industry. But technology moves on and the days of the DGPS are passing, replaced by Globally Corrected GNSS (GcGPS) thanks to advances in Precise Point Positioning. The accuracy and precision of traditional DGPS depended on estimating the errors observed by a network of reference stations. As the network’s spatial configuration opened and the distances from reference stations grew, so the accuracy became compromised. This was particularly evident in mid-ocean, far from the nearest stations. DGPS essentially treated the symptoms and not the causes of the errors. To address that deficiency, C&C Technologies, Inc introduced its C-Nav GcGPS system. Unlike DGPS, C-Nav corrects for the source of the errors: the uncertainties in the GPS satellites’ clock and orbital parameters, satellite antenna alignment phase errors, and the modelable errors associated with dynamic tides and atmospherics. C-Nav’s software, with its pedigree in NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Real-Time GIPSY (RTG) suite, is an advanced proprietary RTG development for realizing the dynamic version of Precise Point Positioning. C-Nav delivers a single set of globally valid corrections for all GPS satellites – irrespective of distance from land. The correction stream is broadcast to the user community through two independent networks; NET-1 and NET-2. Each network comprises of three high-power satellites to cover the Earth while facilitating the use of very small integrated GPS / L-Band antenna designs. C-Nav’s international Satellite Based
Augmentation System SBAS, delivers real-time dynamic positioning accuracy (x, y and z) at the decimetric level. It includes many layers of security, quality control, resilience and assured access to provide a unique and robust solution to the cable industry’s need for self-regulating (autonomous) independent horizontal and vertical positioning solutions. The C-Nav ground segment comprises of a dense network of tracking stations around the world. Typically, up to seven stations track simultaneously the same GPS satellite. The C-Nav tracking stations are equipped with dual frequency receivers operating through a common IGS-style choke ring antenna; these stations are further augmented with tracking stations of the NASA/JPL network. The system is controlled through two independent, geographically separated, Processing Centers. Each centre receives the full complement of tracking station data with a latency of less than two seconds. With hot primary and secondary production layers at each Processing Centre, four sets of orbit and clock correction values are generated. The six geostationary high-power Inmarsat communication satellites provide global L-Band distribution between about 75° north and south Goodbye
Differential GPS: Introducing the New Generation of Precision Positioning for Cable Surveys, Installation & Maintenance By Edwin Danson 18 latitudes. The satellite constellation is uplinked through six land earth stations, each equipped with primary and secondary layers of equipment. Each layer receives the corrections from both Processing Centers. The NET-1 and NET-2 satellite constellations are constantly monitored by the Processing Centers to ensure service continuity and data quality. In the user domain, Kalman filtering solves for satellite and receiver channel biases and a least squares solution calculates the position based on phase-smoothed refraction and bias-corrected code observables. The Precise Point Positioning (state-space) technique is so refined as to include corrections for distorting Earth-tides and ocean loading (and other geodetic effects) through an algorithm accessing the proprietary Sinko Earth- tide model. It was to meet the demands of C&C Technologies’ government and private sector customers that the real-time positioning of the C-Nav system was set at typically 10 cm level (in term of ITRF 2005) with a vertical accuracy of 15 cm. This level of accuracy enables the widest range of users to benefit. The C-Nav community includes the maritime and on-shore sector, the offshore oil & gas industry, RTK augmentation, airborne platform and autonomous robotic vehicle operators, ROV and DP operators, naval and EEZ charting and, of course, the submarine cable industry. However, it was to address the growing need for autonomous assured independence in solution integrity, quality assurance and confidence, that the latest advances in C-Nav have been instigated. The C-Nav’s service is based on a worldwide over-determinate tracking network and enjoys the exclusive benefit of generating and applying the satellite orbit and clock correctors in a tightly modeled integrated RTG solution. The vulnerability of system failure is mitigated by redundancy through route diversity and system backups. This robust structure provides redundancy at each layer. • The tracking network has a 6:1 excess ratio; stations can be removed from the solution without affecting system performance; • The two Processing Centers each determine two independent RTG solutions which are compared for veracity before broadcast; • The communication satellite NET-1 and NET-2 configuration provides spatially independent communication delivery between the hubs and user community; • All C-Nav tracking stations have dual racks of equipment. In the event that a performance flag identifies an anomaly, a rack can be excluded without impacting the solution; • Each C-Nav tracking station has multiple communication links to the Processing Centers. In the event of a communications failure, an alternate method of communication is automatically put on line;
• Each system user may employ multiple and / or differing C-Nav receivers; • The C-Nav GPS receivers can be configured to operate with either NET-1 or NET-2 correction signals or with both Networks for maximum reliability and technical redundancy; • The NET-1 and NET-2 configuration provides for independent delivery over each ocean region. Customers’ have a choice of receivers. The 26-channel Nav2050 dual-frequency receiver with integrated L-Band receiver and tri-band antenna delivers typically 10 cm horizontal and 15 cm vertical accuracy. The C-Nav1010 L1 receiver, in common with all C-Nav receivers, integrates C-Nav correctors as well as WAAS / EGNOS data and provides sub-meter accuracy and is designed to maximize precision and stability in noisy and hostile environments. The C-Nav2000 is a ‘smart-antenna’ design with an integrated dual-frequency GPS, L-Band demodulator, and a tri-band antenna in one package. DGPS has become a by-word for naviga- tion Cable route survey vessel Akademik Aleksander Karpinskiy fits with C-Nav 19 Benefits of accuracy and precision So what’s the point, it could be asked, for enjoying 10 cm accuracy in the middle of the Pacific for a vessel steaming several thousands of meters above the ocean floor? The point has many answers. Firstly, dynamic Precise Point Positioning, if done right, cannot offer anything other than great precision. There are no cost savings associated with a degraded performance, so 10 cm horizontal and 15 cm vertical is what you get, along the coast, inshore, offshore and in mid-ocean. The benefits of being able to correct for water level changes is one obvious attraction. Secondly, it is a cost-attractive solution compared with traditional DGPS – C-Nav passes on these cost-savings directly to the customer, reflected in the extremely competitive pricing structures. Thirdly, C-Nav PPP is inherently robust so ‘outages’ are rare and precision is predictably assured. The design of the system, its inbuilt autonomy, is such that there is no longer need for a second ‘QC’ system – it’s all there in C-Nav. Fourthly, having high positional accuracy virtually eliminates any ‘noise’ from the error budget so the management of swath (e.g. multibeam) system errors can be reduced to those inherent in the swath systems and those associated with sound-in-water. In shallow seas and coastal areas, where seabed information is critical to safe cable installation, the benefits of great precision are immediately obvious in the swath data. Fifthly, for station keeping when operating ROVs and recovery systems, for geotechnical investigations and other critical tasks, the stability C-Nav 2020 dual frequency receiver with composite GPS/L-band antenna Laurentides LES- C-Nav’s NET-2 uplink covering eastern Pacific and western Atlantic (Courtesy NavCom, Inc) and precision of C-Nav provides for a safe and reliable DP input. Lastly, the C-Nav Division of C&C Technologies, with over 15 years delivering quality GPS solutions, has learned and built on its own experience, and that of its competitors, to develop, operate a deliver a positioning solution worthy of the 21 st
Ed Danson is C-Nav’s Business Development consultant based in Europe. His career in marine geospatial engineering began in 1972 at UEL, the university for which he is now an external examiner. He has been involved with DGPS since its beginnings and has led a number of teams developing many of the innovative solutions in the market today. He is a Chartered Surveyor and was President of the Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors 2006- 7. He writes widely on industry matters and has four technical and three non-fiction books to his credit. There are no cost savings associated with a degraded performance Download 44.96 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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