Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
Vance 127. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National
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Vance 127. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) 1 Washington, August 19, 1977. MEMORANDUM FOR The Secretary of State The Secretary of Defense The Secretary of the Treasury The Secretary of Energy The Director of Central Intelligence The Director, Office of Management and Budget Administrator, Federal Energy Administration Chairman, Council of Economic Advisors SUBJECT
Petroleum Supply Vulnerability Assessment The President has directed that an assessment be made of the vul- nerability of the United States to disruptions in world petroleum supply.
2 This memorandum confirms the interagency effort underway to accomplish this task and establishes the terms of reference for the assessment. The assessment should be focused on the period between now and 1985.
1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Staff Material, Middle East File, Box 65, Subject File, Oil. Confidential. The Department of Energy was established on August 4 when Carter signed the Department of Energy Organization Act. The Cabinet-level agency officially began to operate on October 1. 2 On July 11, Bert Lance, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, sent Brzezinski a memorandum informing him that Carter had asked for the petroleum supply vulnerability assessment at a June 21 budget planning session. Lance requested that the National Security Council lead the effort and attached a paper listing the objec- tives and specific issues to be addressed by the assessment. (Ibid.) 365-608/428-S/80010 434 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII The assessment will be submitted for consideration by the Special Coordination Committee. 3 In accordance with the attached terms of ref- erence (Tab A), the Departments of State and Defense will chair working groups composed of members from the interested agencies. The Department of State will submit its report to the National Security Council by September 2, 1977; the Department of Defense by Sep- tember 9, 1977.
PETROLEUM SUPPLY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Terms of Reference
1. To identify and assess the vulnerability of the United States and its allies to petroleum supply interruptions and substantial price increases. 2. To identify the petroleum supply disruption and substantial price increase contingencies for which the United States should be prepared. 3. To identify and assess the policy options available to the United States to reduce its vulnerability to petroleum supply disruptions and substantial price increases and to cope with these contingencies should they occur.
A. International Energy Analysis (Chaired by the Department of State) —World petroleum market analysis by country to identify the range of supply and demand estimates and assess their validity with special emphasis on the dependence on foreign sources of the United States, the Soviet Union, and the advanced industrial economies. —Analysis of the vulnerability of the world petroleum supply system to interdiction, including acts of terrorism, acts of nature, and premeditated political, economic, or military action. —Analysis of possible supply disruption scenarios to include those that would be most stringent and those that are most probable; determination of the implications for supply disruptions of potential 3 The SCC met to consider the assessment in March 1978. See Documents 144 and 145. 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 435 political discontinuities such as sudden changes of regime or gov- ernment in important OPEC/OAPEC countries. —Analysis of the probability and impact of sudden substantial pe- troleum price increases precipitated by OPEC/OAPEC action, both in times of normal supply conditions and in times of a supply interruption. —Analysis of options available to the United States acting alone, and the United States in conjunction with its allies, to deter supply in- terruptions and substantial price increases, and cope with and over- come them should deterrence fail; determination of the optimal size, crude oil and refined product mix, and date of completion of reserve petroleum stocks in the United States and its allies; assessment of the credibility and deterrent value of various levels of petroleum reserves. B. Military Contingency Analysis (Chaired by the Department of Defense) —Analysis of the adequacy of petroleum resources to meet mili- tary and civilian needs of the United States and its allies under the most stringent and the most probable wartime scenarios; assessment of sce- narios short of war in which forces must be kept at high states of read- iness due to increased threats. —Analysis of the vulnerability of the world petroleum supply system to interdiction, including acts of terrorism, acts of nature, and premeditated political, economic, or military action. —Identification of petroleum supply interruption scenarios which would significantly impair United States ability to execute existing mil- itary contingency plans. —Analysis of United States military and related requirements for securing petroleum resources in each of the above scenarios; similar analysis with the addition of allied forces. —Assessment of the existing and planned United States and allied military capabilities to meet requirements noted above. —Identification and assessment of additional policies and options that would fulfill any requirements noted above which would be unmet due to inadequate existing or planned military capabilities. C. Integrated Overview Report (National Security Council staff) —Synthesis of the reports of the Departments of State and Defense into an integrated overview report to serve as the basis for review by the Special Coordination Committee. —The integrated overview report should include: —Identification of major issues. —Identification of United States policy choices. —Identification of topics requiring further analysis. 365-608/428-S/80010 436 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 128. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) to President Carter 1 Washington, August 31, 1977. SUBJECT Cooperation for Energy Development In late June, President Perez quietly raised the issue of energy con- servation with you. 2 His purpose was probably two-fold: to obtain some technological help for developing the Orinoco Tar Belt and to ob- tain our support for two regional organizations OLADE and SELA which Venezuela leads. From our perspective, we have an interest in responding to his proposal, which he is likely to repeat, for three reasons: 1. We have an interest in encouraging Venezuelan leadership in this and in other areas in which other developing countries could ben- efit from new and appropriate technology. 2. We have a number of other important interests in U.S.- Venezuelan relations, and we want to be responsive when Venezuela raises certain issues. 3. We do want to help develop the Tar Belt, though most recent studies indicate that such development is not economically feasible now, and not likely to be for a number of years. In addition, as State’s paper points out, our interests in the field of energy cooperation are primarily global, and to this end, we have solic- ited support from other industrialized and OPEC countries and LDCs for the International Energy Institute. This would facilitate technical assistance and energy technology development for the LDCs. NSC sup- ports State’s recommendation that we continue to pursue this ap- 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Staff Material, North/South File, Box 46, Pastor Country Files, Venezuela. Confidential. Sent for action. Under the subject line, Brzezinski wrote: “Mainly with President Perez.” 2 Carter met with Pe´rez on June 28 and 29. At their June 29 meeting, Carter said that “he was greatly concerned about increases in the price of oil,” given that “such increases would contribute to worldwide inflation and serve no one’s interest.” Pe´rez “compli- mented President Carter for supporting OPEC by urging Americans to conserve on en- ergy,” and observed that “thanks to oil and OPEC,” the world “realized the gravity of the energy crisis.” Carter “expressed his eagerness to work with Venezuela and with other OPEC nations on scientific research on petroleum production and exploration—for ex- ample, on developing technology for the Orinoco tar belt.” Pe´rez replied that “any agree- ment to develop technology for the tar belt must be within the context of an overall plan or agreement between the United States and Venezuela.” (Ibid.) The memoranda of con- versation of their meetings are scheduled for publication in Foreign Relations, 1977–1980, volume XXIV, South America; Latin America Regional.
365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 437 proach, but I disagree with State’s position that there is such a clear-cut choice between a regional and a global approach. Both are needed. 3
Washington, undated. COOPERATION FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AS A RESPONSE TO PRESIDENT PEREZ Issue for Decision The issue is whether we should continue to explore with the Vene- zuelans possibilities for bilateral cooperation in the development of new technology for energy production and/or indicate to the Vene- zuelans our interest in discussing with them a Latin American regional approach to cooperation in energy planning and technology. Essential Factors In June, Presidents Carter and Perez agreed that energy should be an area for continuing US-Venezuelan consultation and cooperation and that Schlesinger and Energy Minister Hernandez, who met during the visit, should meet again for this purpose. The meeting will take place later this year, after preparatory discussions in late September or early October. We hope that at the meeting we can reach agreement on a process for cooperation in energy technology. We are not currently pursuing with the Venezuelans the sugges- tion for US-Venezuelan leadership in a hemispheric program for coop- eration in energy technology and planning raised by Perez during the previous Administration. In the past he also raised the possibility of ex- amining what role, if any, existing Latin American organizations might play, such as those for economic affairs (SELA), energy development (OLADE), and nuclear non-proliferation (OPANAL). The US is not a member of these organizations and we have had limited dealings with them thus far. As part of our global approach to energy problems, we have pro- posed an International Energy Institute (IEI), to be backed by industri- alized countries and leading oil exporters, to facilitate technical assist- ance and energy technology development for the benefit of LDCs. The development of such an institution (which is supported by UN 3 Brzezinski added by hand all the text after “pursue this approach.” 365-608/428-S/80010 438 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII Secretary-General Waldheim) could form part of an agreement to re- sume a multilateral energy dialogue if, after an initial cautious recep- tion, it attracts sufficient support from LDCs. These issues will be played out over the next several months, with one possible outcome an IEI decentralized along regional lines.
1. Use the upcoming energy talks with Venezuela to revive the subject of regional energy cooperation . 4 This would be responsive to an earlier Venezuelan suggestion, and by raising it we could better evaluate whether the Venezuelans have specific ideas of potential mutual benefit. Raising a proposal not cur- rently being pressed by the Venezuelans, however, could raise false ex- pectations, as we are likely to shape our multilateral energy policy in response to interests that are broader and deeper than regional solidarity. 2. Leave regional energy cooperation in abeyance pending the outcome of UN and other multilateral consideration of the future of the energy dialogue and the IEI . This would save the multilateral energy technology “carrot” for possible use in conjunction with some form of ongoing energy dialogue of benefit to all oil-importing countries. At the same time, it would not foreclose a regional approach as a complement to global energy cooper- ation. It would not, however, acknowledge special concern for the en- ergy problems of the Latin American region.
That you approve Option 2. 5 4
Panama Canal Treaty. He met with President Carter on September 7. The memorandum of conversation is scheduled for publication in Foreign Relations, 1977–1980, volume XXIV, South America; Latin America Regional. 5 Carter checked the Approve option and initialed. 129. Editorial Note The International Energy Agency held a Ministerial meeting in Paris October 5–6, 1977, which Secretary of Energy James Schlesinger and Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Richard Cooper at- 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 439 tended. At the meeting, the Ministers expressed “deep concern” over medium-term energy supply/demand prospects and the implications for the overall economic, social, and political objectives of their coun- tries. They also “unanimously voiced” their determination to seek na- tional and cooperative measures to reduce dependence on imported oil and assure adequate energy supplies for future economic develop- ment. As a result, they adopted: 1) a “reduced dependence package” with a group import target of no more than 26 million barrels of oil per day; 2) twelve principles for energy policy; and 3) strengthened review procedures designed to monitor progress toward the group target. Fi- nally, the Ministers signed seven new cooperative research and devel- opment agreements within the IEA framework. (Telegram 29526 from Paris, October 7; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D770366–1121) During the meeting, Schlesinger delivered an address in which he recognized the “major role” that the United States would have to play in the common effort of IEA members to reduce dependence on im- ported oil. He also emphasized the Carter administration’s determina- tion to adopt measures that would limit imports to a previously stated goal of 5.8 million barrels per day by 1985. The administration received “strong support” for its energy plan, accomplishing one of the ob- jectives it had established for the meeting, but the other countries repre- sented expressed “deep concern for its fate in Congress.” (Ibid.) The statement that the United States submitted for the record at the meeting is in telegram 237279 to Paris, October 1. (National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D770359–0493) A copy of Schlesinger’s speech is in the Carter Library, Staff Office Files, Council of Economic Advisers File, Box 25, Energy (2).The text of the communique´ is printed in Scott, The History of the International Energy Agency, volume III, pages 353–357. The Ministerial Decision on Group Objectives and Principles for Energy Policy is ibid., pages 59–80.
365-608/428-S/80010 440 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 130. Briefing Memorandum From the Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs (Hormats) to Secretary of State Vance 1 Washington, October 17, 1977. Implementation of Strategy on Oil Prices The Problem There are strong pressures within OPEC from revenue-short mem- bers like Venezuela and Algeria for a further price increase for 1978. In July, Saudi Arabia publicly supported a price freeze and Iran, atypic- ally, did not rule one out. Each has kept ample room to maneuver, however, and we believe it possible that they might in the end agree to a price increase of as much as 10 percent in the name of OPEC unity. At the same time, there is no OPEC consensus as yet, and we have an important opportunity to encourage the key members to support a price freeze and to discourage others from pushing for an increase.
We have developed a strategy consisting of the following principal elements: —high level approaches by the President and Secretaries Vance, Blumenthal, and Schlesinger in all their meetings with OPEC member leaders this fall so that our opposition to a price increase is clearly un- derstood. Such meetings are our best opportunities to convey our seri- ousness and make clear the importance we attach to a price freeze. We must be careful, however, to avoid giving weak signals through omis- sion or lack of clarity; —possibly a letter from President Carter to King Khalid to indicate appreciation for the Saudi position in favor of a price freeze and pointing out that we are assisting the Saudi effort. The point of depar- ture would be whatever line Prince Saud indicates the Saudis are cur- rently prepared to pursue on prices; —de´marches by our ambassadors in the OPEC capitals. These will ensure that we touch all bases and get firmly on record in OPEC capitals; —appropriate contacts with selected LDC’s and IEA countries to provide arguments for a price freeze and encourage, directly or indi- rectly, approaches to OPEC members. Although our own efforts will be central to the outcome of our campaign, we want to build additional pressure at the margin and ensure consistency on the part of other ma- jor oil-importing countries. 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, P770173–1821. Confidential. Drafted by Hart and cleared by Sober. 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 441 The US Case Our strongest economic arguments against a price increase are that it would imperil the fragile global economic recovery and is not justi- fied by the current market supply and demand balance for oil. We must also be prepared to counter OPEC claims that continued world infla- tion and currency exchange fluctuations justify a compensating oil price increase. Secretary Blumenthal is best-suited to make these global economic arguments authoritatively. In addition, we want to call in some of the chits that the Administration has earned by its expendi- ture of political capital on bilateral and regional initiatives of great importance to such countries as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela, and Nigeria, while pointing out that an oil price rise would be likely to arouse a strong negative reaction in Congress and among the American people, complicating the pursuit of these initiatives. The President and you can make these political arguments with best effect. The basic arguments in our approaches to the OPEC countries will be: —An oil price increase will be harmful to the world economic recovery and will seriously threaten progress in reducing inflation and unem- ployment; it would place particular burdens on the oil-importing de- veloping countries. These outcomes would not serve the OPEC coun- tries’ own interests in trade, investments, and development. OPEC appreciation of the impact of oil prices on the world econ- omy has increased since 1974, but there is a strong belief in OPEC that we exaggerate the danger of “moderate” increases on the order of 10 percent. We must make clear that the marginal impact of any increase at this time could set off a downward spiral in the world economy from whose effects OPEC would not be immune. The US and world economic recovery are at a critical juncture. Par- ticularly worrisome is the uneven sharing of the world deficit which matches the oil producers current account surplus, with the United States carrying the lion’s share. This is already placing the international trading and financial system under significant strain, encouraging pro- tectionism and creating international financial uncertainty. A price in- crease of 10 percent would raise the global bill for oil imports by more than $15 billion and the initial impact would be to aggravate the problem of the unevenly shared international deficit. This would in turn heighten investor uncertainty and tighten the constraint on public expansionary policies. Thus, the impact of a marginal increase in the OPEC price could set in motion an unravelling of the faltering world economic recovery. Key OPEC countries must be made to understand the magnified repercussions another price increase could have. At the same time, we must be careful not to implant doubts about the ultimate strength of the 365-608/428-S/80010 442 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII dollar in the minds of OPEC leaders, particularly of those countries with large dollar-denominated holdings. —Market conditions do not justify any price increase. The oil market has slumped since early this year, and this condition will continue for some time. The impact of new oil supplies from the North Sea, Alaska, and Mexico began to be felt in the oil market in the second half of this year. The addition of 3 million b/d of new supply from these sources be- tween mid-77 and mid-79 will meet most of the increased need for oil in this period, assuming moderate economic growth. Current supply and demand lend no market justification for an OPEC price rise at this time.
—Oil prices are at this point a sensitive issue among the American people. A hike now would generate a negative reaction among Americans toward countries supporting the increase. The Administration believes and is trying to put across to the public that the energy problem is a global one requiring a longterm transition to other energy sources than oil and gas and that this can only be achieved successfully through the cooperation of oil producing and consuming countries during the difficult transition period. Under present circumstances, a price increase would be viewed as irrespon- sible and this will increase the difficulties of building support for bilat- eral and regional initiatives of high interest to individual oil producing countries. —Oil price decisions must be made on broader considerations than
and currency exchange fluctuations. However, even accounting for such factors, our analysis is that the terms of trade of the OPEC countries are still better than they were in 1974, itself a very favorable year for oil exporters. World inflation has slowed markedly since January 1, 1974, and the oil producers have taken actions to increase government per-barrel oil take by one-third since that date. Although we have been careful not to concede that there is economic justification for basing oil price in- creases on world inflation rates, we have had to track this issue to be able to counter OPEC claims of substantial erosion of oil purchasing power. CIA’s conclusion is that the terms of trade, denominated in dol- lars, between OPEC and the leading industrialized countries place OPEC ahead by about 5 percent over 1974. It would not be useful to state that precise figure with OPEC but we can make the general point and emphasize that a further price rise would be self-defeating as it would contribute to world inflation and currency problems. The re- quirement now is for a period of stability in oil prices. Implementation We want to approach all the OPEC countries bilaterally and in- volve other oil importing countries to the extent this is not counterpro-
365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 443 ductive. Our bilateral efforts should be concentrated on the three key players: Saudi Arabia, Iran and Venezuela. Saudi Arabia —The visits of Prince Saud to Washington and Secre- tary Blumenthal to Riyadh provide our best opportunities to: —verify that the Saudis are still willing to press for a freeze, since without their cooperation our campaign cannot succeed; —impress upon them that economic and political considerations require a freeze; and —reassure them that we are trying to help them persuade the other producers. We understand that the President and Crown Prince Fahd talked in terms of a 1978 price freeze during the successful state visit in May. 2 For Prince Saud’s visit, we have prepared talking points for the Presi- dent to flag the importance of a price freeze and to elicit Saud’s re- sponse. Saud was personally uncomfortable with the decision of Prince Fahd and Abdullah to split with OPEC last year, 3 but we trust he will reflect current official Saudi views during his visit to Washington. We recommend that you and Secretary Schlesinger follow up with Saud as necessary after he and the President meet. 4 After these talks, we plan to consider the desirability of recom- mending that the President send a letter to King Khalid. The content would depend upon what we learn from Saud. Meanwhile, Secretary Blumenthal will have spoken for the Ad- ministration with the key oil price decision-makers in Saudi Arabia (suggested talking points attached). 5 If all goes well in the Washington and Riyadh meetings, we and the Saudis will be on the same wave length and no further high level representations to them will be needed.
Secretary Blumenthal has a rare opportunity to influence Iran because, for once, Iran has not locked itself into a public position favoring another price increase. If the Shah, who will decide the Iranian position, has made up his mind, he has not revealed it. Moreover, the Iranians now acknowledge for the first time since 1974 that the state of the global economy and world-wide unemployment are factors to be taken into account in price decisions. At the same time, the Iranians as- sert that world inflation and currency exchange fluctuations should be factors in oil pricing. Secretary Blumenthal can be helpful in guiding 2 See Document 124. 3 See Document 113. 4 See footnote 4, Document 136. 5 Talking points for Blumenthal’s meetings in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Kuwait are attached but not printed.
365-608/428-S/80010 444 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII the Shah as he weighs the respective merits of these various consider- ations (suggested talking points attached). As noted, Tehran’s silence on the upcoming OPEC meeting is un- usual, and we do not know whether its position will be open when the Shah arrives here for his state visit. 6 It is possible that the visit is a factor in the Shah’s silence on oil prices, and we are preparing talking points for the President’s use. We do not believe that generalized talking points on the world economy will be as effective as hard-hitting points on the state of the dollar and U.S. world strength. (We should be aware, however, that the Iranians have in earlier periods of dollar weakness fa- vored the denomination of oil prices according to a basket of currencies or in SDR’s and that they could revive such proposals within OPEC.) We have not recommended a letter to the Shah because previous for- mal communications on the subject of oil prices have appeared to bring out the Shah at his most extreme for the record. An exchange now could reduce the chance to influence his decision.
The President has already raised the oil price question with President Perez twice—in June and September. 7 But Venezuela is still in the forefront seeking to build an OPEC consensus around a price increase at the December 20 meeting in Caracas. We intend to raise the issue during our November 10–11 bilateral working level meeting in Washington with GOV energy policy advisors. It is possible that Secre- tary Schlesinger and the Venezuelan Energy Minister will also meet be- fore the OPEC meeting. However, it would be desirable for the Presi- dent to make one more major effort during his November 22 visit to Venezuela to present our case to President Perez, 8 with whom he has established a close rapport on regional and other political issues. Other Approaches Secretary Blumenthal will have an opportunity to talk about oil prices on his trip to Kuwait (suggested talking points attached). The President has already raised the price issue with Nigerian President Obasanjo 9 and will be advised to do so again in Lagos. We have also made our views known to visiting high Indonesian officials. We are ex- pecting at the end of this week CIA’s detailed analysis of the potential impact on the world economy of an oil price rise in 1978. This, along with Treasury analyses, will form the basis for: 6 November 15–16. See Document 139. The OPEC meeting was held December 20. See Document 136. 7 See footnotes 2 and 4, Document 128. 8 Carter did not travel to Venezuela, but see footnote 7, Document 138. 9 President Obasanjo visited the United States October 10–13. Documentation is scheduled for publication in Foreign Relations, 1977–1980, volume XVII, Africa. 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 445 —de´marches by our ambassadors to the OPEC governments with which high-level meetings are not in prospect; —instructions to embassies in key LDC capitals to present our views to appropriate officials on the consequences of a price increase; —guidance to embassies in IEA capitals to encourage host gov- ernments to approach OPEC members and to use mutually consistent arguments for an oil price freeze. In addition, we are preparing talking points for the President’s use in the oil-importing LDCs and industrialized countries he will visit in November (Brazil, India, Belgium and France). Under Secretary Cooper will have an opportunity to raise the price issue with Jamaica in his bilateral on North/South issues. We cannot count on oil-importing LDCs to make approaches to OPEC; but Brazil, India and Jamaica are among the most suitable targets for efforts to encourage involvement. Download 8.4 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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