Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of
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- Ellen L. Frost 3 Attachment
- 261. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassies in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia and the Liaison Office in Riyadh
260. Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Economic Affairs (Frost) to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (Komer) 1 Washington, February 12, 1980. SUBJECT DoD Involvement in International Energy Issues REFERENCE R. W. Komer Memorandum to SecDef/DepSecDef, 24 Dec 1979; (Secret/ Sensitive, Tab A) In response to your memorandum, 2 we have developed a number of specific follow-up actions. I recommend that you approve them and indicate your priorities. Depending on your decision, we may have to go for some temporary overstrength staff positions. My Office of Inter- national Economic Affairs is greatly overburdened as it is. I contem- plate as many as two staffers for energy issues plus one administrative assistant serving the entire office. Ellen L. Frost 3
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVES
1. Focus Attention on the National Security Impact of High Oil Prices and Tight Oil Supplies. It may cost the US less to develop alternative energy sources than it would to undertake force build-ups. The former guarantees supply; the latter is high risk and does not. In short, the former may be more cost-effective. We point out the need to highlight specific NATO stresses and the vulnerability of key producer and consumer nations like Saudi Arabia 1 Source: Washington National Records Center, OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330– 82–0263, Box 1, ASD/ISA #2 Policy Files. Secret; Sensitive. Sent through the Assistant Sec- retary of Defense for International Security Affairs, and a stamped notation indicates that he saw it. 2 Attached at Tab A; printed as Document 253. 3 Frost signed “Ellen” above this typed signature. 365-608/428-S/80010 818 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII and Turkey. We suggest a program targeted on communicating the gravity of these factors. 2. Examine the National Security Implication of Western and Eastern
We distinguish between crisis capacity and a willingness to pro- duce given that excess capacity exists. We outline a range of potential crisis possibilities involving Soviet, OPEC, OAPEC and other produc- ers, and will develop a matrix of current dependencies and crisis op- tions in and outside the IEA framework. 3. Focus Attention on Increasing the Use of Alternatives to Conventional
We strongly suggest speeding up the current US oil shale program. If successful, this could fully meet US military needs by 1985; and fully
the oil now supplied by either Algeria, Libya, or Indonesia. We will investigate other fuel substitution possibilities with an eye toward speed-up. 4. Focus DoD and Interagency Attention on the Question of Energy
The US has no clearly defined energy technology transfer policy. PRM 44, which was to develop the US-Soviet policy, was aborted. 4 En- ergy technology, despite its specific importance, has been lost in overall technology transfer questions. DoD is strongly supporting develop- ment of a US policy which will discriminate between fuels and between national targets. 5. Compare Alternative US, European, Japanese and other National Pro-
Although this is being given NSC and IEA attention, we are not satisfied with the pace. Nor are we convinced that US domestic plan- ning cannot benefit from a closer look at other nations’ experience both in demand restraint and alternative source development. 6. Review US and Soviet Coal Substitution Opportunities. The US and Soviet Union each have coal reserves that even at much higher utilization rates can serve for at least a hundred years. Technological problems, but for environmental factors, are more con- straining in the Soviet Union. We suggest a comparison of opportu- nities in the two nations, to include technological cooperation, with the purpose of accelerating the pace of transition to coal. 4 PRM 44, September 21, 1978, initiated a study of the “Export of Oil and Gas Pro- duction Technology to U.S.S.R.” (Carter Library, National Security Council, Institutional Files, Box 2, PRM 44) 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 819 Discussion: 1. Focus Attention on the National Security Impact of High Oil Prices and Scarcity of Supply. We will focus on national security arguments understandable to the Congress and the public. These arguments will heighten awareness of linkages between energy and national security. We will seek support for new policy initiatives. We will emphasize the following points, each of which is discussed below: • New energy sources and conservation as alternatives to force buildup and intervention; • The impact of high energy prices and inflation on NATO bud- gets and of energy scarcity on NATO resolve and preparedness; • The especially vulnerable situations of key producer nations (like Saudi Arabia) and consumer/NATO nations (like Turkey); and • The need to direct a major effort to the problem of communicating the national security gravity of the energy situation. OPEC presently exports some 6.3 million b/d to the US, account- ing for over 80% of our imports. This comes to about 2.2 billion barrels per year. Assuming a $20 per barrel cost differential between OPEC oil and oil that might be produced from shale, heavy oil deposits or coal, it would cost about $44 billion annually to fully replace OPEC oil, using these non-conventional sources. Incremental defense costs aimed at im- proving the security of OPEC oil supplies may approach this amount in a few years with no guarantee of assured supply. Further, $44 billion is the upper bound on marginal substitute oil costs; the margin will nar- row as OPEC prices rise. Some non-conventional sources even today are considered no more costly than OPEC oil. Thus, an expenditure on al-
We have
not yet made similar estimates for conservation alternatives but we feel the potential is equally striking. Inflation is running at some 10 percent in NATO Europe, about 30 percent of which is attributable to energy price increases. With contin- ued dependence on OPEC, and on the Soviets, who account for 5–10% of European oil and gas imports, we may expect further inflationary pressures. NATO military budgets are suffering, making the 3% real growth goal difficult if not impossible. Further, the Alliance is sorely weakened with each direct approach to an OPEC producer by a NATO member seeking a special deal for itself. The particular vulnerability of key producer and consumer/ NATO nations deserves special attention. The Saudis would be vulner- able to pressures from Iraq and South Yemen, not to mention internal pressures directed at the Monarchy. Yet, the Saudi Arabian oil fields are virtually unprotected. It has been said that the oil fields could liter-
365-608/428-S/80010 820 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII ally be taken over by an infantry battalion. We have to balance the op- tion of intervening militarily, or at least indicating that we might, which would be of questionable effectiveness in any imaginable cir- cumstance, with that of seeking a greater degree of oil independence. Turkey is a special circumstance. It occupies a unique and key po- sition on the NATO flank. And it is facing political upheaval borne of intense pressure from both the extreme right and extreme left. Both ex- tremes, for different reasons, would like to see an army takeover. The root of the problem is economic. NATO should help by mobilizing eco- nomic assistance from its member nations. Furthermore, NATO mem- bers could lend their support to priority IEA oil-sharing for Turkey. Ko- rea and Brazil are also experiencing oil supply problems, and occupy key regional positions. The above are specific examples of the linkage between energy and security. Unfortunately, although it would seem that this linkage can hardly be doubted, many still pay it only lip service. The US has no orchestrated approach to sensitizing the country and the West to the overriding strategic impact of the energy situation. Practically nothing has been said in a language understandable to the Congress and ordi- nary people who make up constituencies. The DoD should give thought to an effort aimed at getting the right people involved in this communications job.
We will participate much more intensively in interagency fora dealing with energy initiatives. We are already participants in the NSC study as- sessing international energy policy actions, are observing and will later testify before Senator Jackson’s Energy and Natural Resources Com- mittee on the geopolitics of energy, and participate in SCC and other White House-directed deliberations on energy technology transfer. We should integrate our international efforts with MRA&L’s participation in the Sawhill Group working on domestic energy policy. We cannot separate US domestic actions from international activity. (Action: IEA primarily; assistance from USD (P)), LA, MRA&L and other OSD offices as appropriate.) 2. Examine the National Security Implication of Western and Eastern European Dependence on Soviet and OPEC Energy Sources. Examine, in Event of Crisis, Means to Assure Greater Access to Crude from Selected Na- tions and Possibilities for Shifting Supplies Outside the IEA Framework. There are two “dependence” issues here: crisis production (will- ingness to meet a “surge” rate) and crisis capacity (ability to meet “surge” rate). We will examine two cutback possibilities, Soviet and OPEC. Soviet cutbacks may be forced by Soviet shortages or be foreign- policy dictated. (The Soviets currently provide 5–10 percent of Western European oil and gas with gas dependence expected to increase.) OPEC 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 821 cutbacks may be OPEC-wide, OAPEC-wide, or selective. We will look at:
• Possibilities for increasing OPEC production in the event of So- viet cutbacks • Possibilities in friendly OPEC nations in the event of selective OPEC cutbacks • Possibilities in non-OPEC nations (e.g., UK, Norway, Mexico) in the event of Soviet, selective OPEC or OPEC-wide cutbacks • The current pattern of oil and gas flow, and seek to develop a matrix that might suggest alternatives We have begun work in this area. We have outlined the nature of Western European dependence on Soviet energy (oil and gas) and begun to shape possible US policy responses. We are less clear on the impact of Eastern European dependence; in particular, the impact of substituting dependence on OPEC for dependence on the USSR. (The Soviets currently furnish about 60% of Eastern European oil and 30% of gas.) We should examine stepping up joint energy projects with the East European moderates (Romania, Poland and Hungary). As we examine political tradeoffs, we will examine the interrela- tionship between the major energy sources (oil, gas, coal, possibly nu- clear). Possibly, by urging a change in fuel, we may uncover an attrac- tive variant relating to dependence on external sources; e.g., greater European use of Dutch gas might conceivably reduce European de- pendence on both OPEC and Soviet oil (and Soviet gas). The following variables will be major inputs to this analysis: • An assessment of OPEC moderates (perhaps Saudi Arabia, Ku- wait, the UAE) willing to build up a capacity to substitute in the event of Soviet export cutbacks. This would not involve Arab-Israeli issues. This would constitute less than a 2% increase in current OPEC production. • An assessment of nations having unique vulnerability. Korea, Iceland, Turkey, and possibly Brazil would be among these. Korea has been threatened by an Iranian cutoff, Iceland is virtually dependent on Soviet oil at this moment (might Canada substitute?), Turkey’s ap- palling situation has already been described, and Brazil, which imports 85% of its oil, is dependent on Iraq for about half of that. • An assessment of productive capacity in key non-OPEC nations. Mexico is currently studying the possibility of moving up to 4 million BD, and Britain and Norway conceivably might be induced, as NATO members, to build crisis capacity. In short, we will develop a matrix of current dependencies and potential options. (Action: IEA primarily; assistance from European and other Re- gions as appropriate.)
365-608/428-S/80010 822 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 3. Focus Attention on Increasing the use of Alternatives to Conventional
We will review the impact on NATO forces of petroleum scarcities and high prices. We will emphasize substitution possibilities—to in- clude coal in meeting facilities needs and non-conventional petroleum in meeting transportation needs. Perhaps we and our NATO partners should undertake accelerated programs to develop military fuels from shale, heavy oil or coal. We will examine boosting exports of US coal to Europe from the current annual rate of 13 million short tons. The NSC and DOE are looking at this possibility. We will again ask the question, “Are we devoting enough DoD re- search money to unconventional sources given that within 5 years we may be desperately short of conventional fuels?” Past studies will be noted. Perhaps the Navy has a much more powerful argument for nuclear-powered ships now than it did just a few months ago. We propose speeding-up the US program to develop oil shale pro- duction to meet all US military needs for oil. The US has the clear-cut ca-
The cur-
rent overall US goal is 400,000 BD of oil shale production by 1990; the US military currently uses some 460,000 BD. Shale oil is now competi- tive; it can be produced at $30–45 per barrel. The following actions could result in the achievement of the US production goal as much as 5 years earlier. • a guarantee by DoD to buy the oil. This is cost-free. • a concerted effort to speed up the “permitting” process. • procurement priority for production equipment (there is no tech- nology problem). • relaxing, or adding funds to meet, environmental considerations. Some DOE representatives are optimistic that this speed-up can be achieved with active DoD support. This is an ongoing program, need- ing only priority. It has obvious implications for meeting European needs and for replacing the most vulnerable segments of US oil im- ports. The amount of oil is approximately that now supplied to the US by ei-
(Action: MRA&L and IEA) 4. Focus DoD and Interagency Attention on the Question of Energy
The US has no clearly defined energy technology transfer policy. Energy has never been singled out from technology in general, despite its obvious special importance. PRM 44, which would have done this for transfers to the USSR, was aborted.
365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 823 We need to establish a set of energy technology transfer policies which discriminate effectively between fuels and between national targets. We need to review possibilities for major collaborative ven- tures with energy producers around the world, to include the Soviet Union and China. Where appropriate, we should think about strength- ening incentives to the private sector to facilitiate transfer. Compensa- tion deals should be explored. We will review the role of domestic and international financial institutions which may provide guaranteed fi- nancial incentives. Secretary Klutznick’s technology transfer review group is recom- mending an urgent study of US-Soviet energy relationships. We strongly support this recommendation. We will emphasize the gravity of the global energy situation and work to ensure that the study does not get bogged down in abstractions. We will point out that if the So- viets, as predicted by the CIA, begin to import 15–20% of their oil by the late 1980s, the result could be truly catastrophic. Even a significant re- duction in current Soviet exports of 3 million BD could trigger a crisis. (Action: Primarily IEA) 5. Compare Alternative US, European, Japanese and Other National Pro-
This is being given some consideration in a current NSC study ac- tion, but DoD needs to play a more forceful role. The pace is very slow, made more so by the need to coordinate with our IEA allies. The IEA is considering further import reduction targets. The current US target (8.2 MBD) may be revised as this effort proceeds. We should review other measures being taken, here and overseas, and those not being taken; and examine voluntary and mandatory demand restraint measures and efforts to develop substitutes for conventional petroleum. The basic purpose will be to generate a series of specific near-term proposals, to be floated via the NSC staff procedure, that draw from the measures taken by the other nations ideas most appropriate to the US. Korea, as one example, has developed a comprehensive program aimed at reducing electric power dependence on oil. We do not expect to uncover a dramatically new approach but we do hope to speed up the current NSC action while culling from other nations’ experience ideas of possible value in US domestic planning. (Action: Primarily IEA, assistance from Regions.) 6. Review US and Soviet Coal Substitution Opportunities in General. US and Soviet coal reserves are truly awesome. Even at much higher utilization rates, both nations have the capability, using coal, to reduce dramatically all liquid fuel consumption but for that in trans- portation. US production constraints, with the single exception of
365-608/428-S/80010 824 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII having to meet environmental restrictions, are not nearly what they are in the Soviet Union. The Soviets do not have the gasoline buffer we do; in that sense their need to reduce non-transportation oil consumption is more urgent. Technological cooperation with the Soviets will be inves- tigated as part of the overall technology review. We should review the arguments as to why coal usage cannot be stepped up quickly and then urge the other Executive Departments to take appropriate specific steps to accelerate the transition to coal. If transition to coal or coal derivatives as our major energy source is inevi- table, then the rising national security costs of relying upon oil clearly mandate our accelerated transition. (Action: IEA, DR&E and European Region.) 261. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassies in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia and the Liaison Office in Riyadh 1 Washington, February 15, 1980, 1407Z. 41711. Subject: Impact of Oil Price Increases. Ref: A) Lagos 1013 (Notal), B) 79 Riyadh 1986 (Notal), C) Lagos 1174. 2 1. Entire text Confidential. 2. In response to request Refs A and B, Department is pouching all addressees copies of two CIA studies and a Department analysis of the impact of oil price increases in 1980. Most of the text and all of the tables in the CIA studies are unclassified; the Department’s analysis is admin- 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D800081–1236. Confidential. Drafted by Todd; cleared by Raymond Hill (E) and in EB/ORF/FSE, EB/ PAS, AF/W, NEA/ARP, NEA/ECON, DOE/IA, and the Treasury Department; and ap- proved by Calingaert. Repeated to Caracas, Quito, Jakarta, Algiers, Baghdad, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Doha, Dhahran, and Libreville. 2 Telegram 1013 from Lagos, January 30, reads in part: “Embassy agrees that it is both useful and important to engage FGN in meaningful dialogue on the price of oil. In our view FGN will be principally motivated by short-term considerations of maximiza- tion of revenue. Nevertheless, a strong and sophisticated argument which directly relates Nigerian economy to the health of Western economies and the world price of oil might make an impression over time.” (Ibid., D800052–0930) In telegram 1986 from Riyadh, De- cember 13, 1979, the Liaison Office requested “specific data useful to a professional econ- omist backing up conclusion of 0.8 percent decline in OECD GNP growth and 1 percent increase in inflation attributable to 1979 oil price increases.” (Ibid., [no film number]) Telegram 1114 from Lagos, February 2, contains a quote from the newspaper New Nige-
on the announcement of a crude oil price increase by the Nigerian National Petro- leum Company. (Ibid., D800058–0360)
365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 825 istratively controlled and may be discussed privately with foreign gov- ernment officials. We are also sending posts an unclassified paper de- scribing methodological techniques used in preparing projections of OECD energy demand and the economic impact of oil price increases. 3 3. Department wishes posts to be aware that, in the experience of Department officers who have discussed oil price increases with offi- cials of various oil producing nations, the use of detailed economic analyses such as those described above has not been very productive. Discussions often degenerate into debates over the econometric model being used, premises and assumptions being employed, and disagree- ments over data chosen for base-line cases. (Even within the U.S. Gov- ernment, there is considerable disagreement between various agencies and departments over these issues.) Furthermore, the use of various hypothetical oil price increases lends itself to misinterpretations, and can be misconstrued as evidence the USG was expecting such an in- crease when we are arguing against an increase. 4. Economic analyses of the impact of oil price increases are based upon weighted average oil prices; nothing in them examines the ques- tion of differentials among different qualities of crude oil, a topic which OPEC members themselves are notably unable to agree upon. When supplies are perceived as adequate, such as during the slack oil market conditions in 1974–78, these differentials would be determined by net-backs to refiners. The premiums charged by producers of high quality oil are theoretically limited by the ability of refiners to invest in facilities to handle lower-priced, lower quality crudes. As Embassy Lagos is aware, Nigeria and the North African producers were forced into competitive price reductions, discounts, etc. during slack market in 1978. 5. At the present time, Iran’s attempts to maintain a $6 per barrel differential vis-a`-vis similar quality Persian Gulf crudes distort the crude oil market and encourages the upward ratcheting of oil prices we have seen thus far in 1980. These unstable conditions have created op- portunities for producers in North Africa (and Mexico and the North Sea) to increase prices, using the excuse of Persian Gulf price hikes. In the long run, we expect the market will sustain some, but likely only a small portion, of the widening of differentials for North African/ Nigerian crudes which occurred last year. 6. For Lagos: Ms. Schwartz (AF/W) will hand-carry documents de- scribed paragraph 2 to Lagos February 20 and will be able to provide additional background information.
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