Free will vs. Determinism or Active Agent vs. Passive Organism: Is the free will to make choices an illusion? Are we completely shaped by genetic and environmental events? Are we active agents who direct, shape, and control our own development and destiny? Free will vs. Determinism or Active Agent vs. Passive Organism: Is the free will to make choices an illusion? Are we completely shaped by genetic and environmental events? Are we active agents who direct, shape, and control our own development and destiny? Nature vs. Nurture or Stability vs. Placticity: To what extent are we a product of our genetic inheritance ("nature") or a product of our experiences ("nurture")? Are people essentially programmed by their heredity and evolutionary past or can they be effectively shaped by others through intentional acts? 3. Unconscious vs. Conscious Motivation: Is much or all of our behavior and determined by unconscious factors? Or is little or none so determined? How much of our behavior is determined by conscious forces?4. Uniqueness vs. Universality: Are we each unique, or will psychology eventually discover laws that explain all our behavior and our seemingly unique combinations of personal traits? 5. Physiological vs. Purposive Motivation: Are we more "pushed" by physiological needs? Are we more "pulled" by our perceptions, knowledge, virtues, higher-level needs, and personal goals, values, and principles?6. Cultural Determinism vs. Cultural Transcendence: Do our cultures shape and control? Can we rise above or transcend cultural influences? This repeats the free-will question with specific reference to environmental as culture.
What is person’s role and control? What is person’s role and control? Passive = shaped by genetic & environmental influences or Active = agents who shape, control, and direct their own development
Nature refers to the biological make-up or genetic structure that pre-determines (to a limited degree) each person’s attitudes, behavior, temperament, health, intellectual potential, etc. Innate genetic influences are inherited from our biological parents. Nature refers to the biological make-up or genetic structure that pre-determines (to a limited degree) each person’s attitudes, behavior, temperament, health, intellectual potential, etc. Innate genetic influences are inherited from our biological parents. Nurture refers to behaviors, attitudes, knowledge, values, etc. learned while being raised in a specific environment. These are environmental and life experiences that shape us through the socialization process.
Hume saw science as an amusing pastime that revealed habits of the mind and had no chance of producing useful explanations. He saw philosophy similarly. Bacon saw science as something that needed to be done in order to replace doctrine and tradition with scientific facts that could improve the human condition. Hume saw science as an amusing pastime that revealed habits of the mind and had no chance of producing useful explanations. He saw philosophy similarly. Bacon saw science as something that needed to be done in order to replace doctrine and tradition with scientific facts that could improve the human condition.Hume did, however, endorse Francis Bacon’s inductive method. For Bacon inductive reasoning and experimentation were parts of the “constructive” part of his scientific method and were the only two methods by which facts should be determined ─ “deconstruction” was the other part of his scientific method.Hume’s phenomenalism distinguished between sense impressions and ideas.Hume’s types of ideas are . . .- Simple: directly from simple perceptions;
- cannot be false
- Complex: combination of simple ideas;
- may not match reality (skepticism)
Hume viewed inferences about causality as unfounded based on the fact that two events have occurred together or in succession and have caused in people an expectation from which cause should not be inferred.He rejected the concept of “self” and saw nothing in his study of the inner workings of the mind to justify it.He tried to portray causality as non-existent and a matter of conjunction and our personal expectations.
Association of Ideas Only: Association of Ideas Only: - Law of resemblance
- Thoughts run naturally from
- one idea to similar ideas
- Law of contiguity
- One object causes other objects encountered at the same time to be remembered
- Law of Cause and effect
- Effects bring up events that come before
• Mental Physics or Mechanics of Mind • Mental Physics or Mechanics of Mind- All mental experience (ideas) are
- sensations
- Simple ideas combine in a simple additive’
- way to create complex ideas
- Complex ideas combine additively to create
- more complex ideas
• Associations
Associationism Associationism- Frequency
- Vividness
- Similarity –
- similar ideas
- trigger each other
Mental chemistry- Complex ideas have
- different properties than simple ideas.
Discover basic elements of sensation to which all complex processes can be reduced; Discover basic elements of sensation to which all complex processes can be reduced;Determine how simple sensations are connected to form more complex perceptions, ideas, and images;Explain how the mind works.
Its goal was to understand how the mind and behavior work to help an organism adjust to Its goal was to understand how the mind and behavior work to help an organism adjust to its environment.William James launched Functionalism.It developed at two universities simultaneously:- The University of Chicago
- John Dewey
- James Angell
- Harvey Carr
- Columbia University in New York
- James M. Cattell
- Robert Woodworth
- Edward Thorndike
Nurture (the environment), not nature Nurture (the environment), not naturePrinciples of “learning” determine behavior change and developmentLearning (passive responses to incoming stimuli)Plasticity, not stability: development is gradual and continuous.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING- Unconditioned stimulus -unconditioned response
- Conditioned stimulus -
- conditioned response
OPERANT CONDITINING- Positive & negative reinforcers
- Positive & negative punishment
- Schedules of reinforcement
SOCIAL LEARNING- Modeling
- Vicarious reinforcement
He was a trained as He was a trained as a medical doctor and was interested in and digestion.The work that made Pavlov famous in psychology began as a study in digestion. He was looking at digestion in dogs: the relationship between salivation and reactions in the stomach. He realized they were closely linked by reflexes in the autonomic nervous system.
People construct their own understanding. People construct their own understanding.People form mental representations of their world (images, schemas, etc.)People are active in their environmentNature and Nurture interact as causes.Plasticity, not stability.
1950’s – 1970’s ─ No agreed upon date 1950’s – 1970’s ─ No agreed upon dateUlric Neisser’s book Cognitive Psychology was published in 1967.Why did Cognitive Psychology begin?- Two important factors:
- Dissatisfaction with behaviorism’s account
- of complex behaviors (e.g., Chomsky’s
- model of language challenged this)
- Convergence of several fields during WWII such as Linguistics, Human Performance, Artificial Intelligence, etc.
Nature and Nurture, as interactive causes Nature and Nurture, as interactive causes Stability over plasticity: invariant, expected stages of developmentActive, not passive: children strive to resolve developmental crises
Adler originally worked with Freud but left over the issue of sexuality determining personality; Adler originally worked with Freud but left over the issue of sexuality determining personality;Adler concluded that the need for power motivates people and shapes their personalities sexual drives;He developed what he called “individual psychology,” which was based on the idea that people can be made aware of the many goals and values that guide them;He introduced the well-known concept of “inferiority complex.” He believed that all people at some time feel inferior (e.g. as children) and try to compensate by seeking experiences that give them power.
Jung worked with Freud and Alder at the turn of the century, and, like Adler, he split with Freud over the personality-sexuality connection. Jung worked with Freud and Alder at the turn of the century, and, like Adler, he split with Freud over the personality-sexuality connection.Adler originated the concepts of “extroversion” and “introversion” as personality types or characteristics. The extrovert is characteristically the active person who is most happy when around other people; the introvert is typically a deliberate and contemplative person who enjoys self-isolation and the inner world of their own ideas and feelings.Jung originated the scheme of four psychological functions: sensation, intuition, thinking and feeling.
Erikson was interested in “human development” and “personality development”; Erikson was interested in “human development” and “personality development”;He proposed the way individuals resolve or fail to resolve “epigenetically” determined developmental crises determines their traits and virtues and how they will relate to others throughout life;He coined the terms “identity crisis” to describe the conflict within adolescents as they consolidate social roles and values to form their own identities.
Nurture, not Nature with focus on needs and interpersonal supportPlasticity, not Stability: no predictable stages of developmentActive, not passive: children take action based on inherent growth need
Nature, not nurture Nature, not nurtureStability, not plasticity: invariant, predictable stages of developmentPassive, not active: children passively respond and adjust
GENETIC FACTORS GENETIC FACTORSTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE BRAINTHE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMTHE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTIONNEUROPHARMACOLOGYPSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGYINTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
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