Fundamentals of food technology study manual

2.5. Industrial raw materials and commercial species of fish main 
families 
Currently, about 20 thousand species of fish, about 1.5 thousand are known. 
commercial from them. Our industry extracts half of these species. About 100 
commercial fish species are found only in the waters of the USSR. A species is a 
biological unit of fish taxonomy. Related species are grouped into genera and 
genera into families. Fish families and species differ in shape, size, anatomical 
structure and head, fins, chemical composition and other characteristics. Farm fish 
are divided into bony, cartilaginous and predatory. The internal skeletons of bony 
fish are polyossified, and they make up the bulk of the world's fisheries. In fishes, 
the internal skeleton is almost entirely made of bones, the head being chiefly; 
among them are fishes belonging to the bekir family. 
Ocean and sea fish live and reproduce in seawater all the time. They are 
divided into pelagics, which live in the water column, starting from the top layer 
(herring, tuna, anchovy, etc.) and those that live in the bottom (cod, cod, sea bass). 
Fish that live at depths greater than 500-700 m are usually called deep sea. The 
species composition of the animal world and the number of individual fish species 
are affected by the water temperature in the seas and oceans, which are divided 

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into the following zones depending on the temperature: tropical waters (20-28 °C), 
cold northern and southern waters (0-5 °C) , temperate northern and southern 
waters (5-20 °C). Warm waters are characterized by the diversity of fish species 
and their relatively small number, which means the presence of a poor food base. 
Year in cold water A large number of fish species live under favorable conditions 
and good food supply during the lum seasons. Fish that live in cold waters grow 
larger than fish that live in warm waters. Freshwater fish always live and reproduce 
in fresh water (rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs). These mainly include carp, perch, 
catfish, fish of the sockeye family and some representatives of salmon (trout, 
lenok, river and lake whitefish), copper (sterlet) and cod (burbot). Anadromous 
fish live in the sea, and for spawning they go to rivers or vice versa. These include 
herring (Caspian herring, black-backed herring), some species of fish belonging to 
other families such as cyprinids (cutum, barbel, shemaya, fish) and salmon. Acne 
(river fish). Semi-anadromous and brackish water fish live in certain areas of the 
seas in front of river mouths and inland brackish lakes. Sometimes semi-
anadromous fishes approach rivers to spawn. Basically, they include fish belonging 
to the carp family, as well as perch, catfish, pike and some gobi species. 
Oceanic and marine fish account for about 80% of the world's catch, and 
freshwater, semi-anadromous and migratory fish account for only 20%, 
respectively. At the same time, catches are based on relatively small families and 
species of fish, in particular: herring and anchovy, cod, mackerel, horse mackerel, 
etc. The share of ocean and sea fish in domestic catch is slightly higher than in the 
world, about 85%, and in freshwater, semi-anadromous and anadromous - about 
15%. The main part of the catch at home also falls on a limited number of families 
and species of fish. From ocean and sea fish, cod (pollock, hake, cod, haddock, 
pollock, wating, naga, blue wating, polar cod), herring (herring, sardine, herring, 
herring, Baltic and Caspian branches, branches), anchovies, mackerel, scab. In 
ocean and sea fishing, capelin, grenadier, mackerel, herring, saury, snipe, sea bass, 
crucian fish, swordfish, tuna, flounder, bream, snapper, limonema, argentina, 
halibut, catfish, goby . Salmon, especially Pacific salmon (chum salmon, sockeye 
salmon, pink salmon, chinook salmon), as well as valuable grass fish (beluga, 
sturgeon, sturgeon, stellate) are the most important in catching anadromous fish. 
The USSR ranks first in the world in terms of fish production, more than 90% of 
these fish belong to our country. sea bass, crucian fish, swordfish, tuna, flounder, 
bluefish, sardine, limonema, argentina, halibut, catfish, gobi. Salmon, especially 
Pacific salmon (chum salmon, sockeye salmon, pink salmon, chinook salmon), as 
well as valuable grass fish (beluga, sturgeon, sturgeon, stellate) are the most 
important in catching anadromous fish. The USSR ranks first in the world in terms 
of fish production, more than 90% of these fish belong to our country. sea bass, 
crucian fish, swordfish, tuna, flounder, bluefish, sardine, limonema, argentina, 
halibut, catfish, gobi. Salmon, especially Pacific salmon (chum salmon, sockeye 
salmon, pink salmon, chinook salmon), as well as valuable grass fish (beluga, 
sturgeon, sturgeon, stellate) are the most important in catching anadromous fish. 
The USSR ranks first in the world in terms of fish production, more than 90% of 
these fish belong to our country. valuable grass fish (beluga, sturgeon, pike, 

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stellate) fish are the most important. The USSR ranks first in the world in terms of 
fish production, more than 90% of these fish belong to our country. valuable grass 
fish (beluga, sturgeon, pike, stellate) fish are the most important. The USSR ranks 
first in the world in terms of fish production, more than 90% of these fish belong to 
our country. 
Fresh and semi-anadromous fish are caught with carp, perch and other fish. 
The most important of them are roach, carp, crucian carp, asp, sockeye, carp 
caught in the North Caspian region (Volga and Ural deltas), Azov and Aral basins, 
as well as whitefish, roach, ide, in the rivers and lakes of Siberia. crucian, burbot 
and pike are caught. In commercial and industrial practice, fish size or weight 
(large, medium, small), time of fishing (spring, spring-summer, summer, summer-
autumn, autumn and winter), physiological condition (feeding, rearing or feeding) 
divided according to, pre-spawning, spawned), fatness, appearance (skinny, 
moderately obese, well-fed). Among the many different types of fish found in 
traps, there are also poisonous ones. That's why lum and lesser-known fish species 
should be handled with caution. Poisonous fish are found mainly in tropical seas. 
These include puffer fish, surgeonfish, swordfish, ilisha, some species of red 
mullet, barracuda, triggerfish, unicornfish and other species. from fish, living in the 
reservoirs of the USSR, Balkhash marinka and Ottomans are partially poisonous 
(poisonous caviar and belly film), as well as barbel and khramulya (poisonous 
caviar). Poisonous substances are relatively rare in muscle tissue and are found 
more in internal organs - gonads, liver and the film covering the abdominal cavity, 
as well as in the head of fish. Sometimes toxic substances are present in fish only 
at certain times of the year (mainly during the breeding season) and then disappear. 
In some fish, mainly sometimes parasitic organisms (nematodes, nebelin larvae, 
etc.) are found in the sea, in the body (abdominal cavity, liver, muscles, coils). 
Most of them are harmless to humans, but when they are present in significant 
quantities, they can cause fish to become ill. At the same time, dangerous 
organisms can also appear. The presence of parasitic organisms should be taken 
into account when deciding on the use of food and the choice of fish processing 
methods. can lead to failure. At the same time, dangerous organisms can also 
appear. The presence of parasitic organisms should be taken into account when 
deciding on the use of food and the choice of fish processing methods. can lead to 
failure. At the same time, dangerous organisms can also appear. The presence of 
parasitic organisms should be taken into account when deciding on the use of food 
and the choice of fish processing methods. 
The structure of fish 
Fishes are vertebrates with a lower skull, they live in water all the time and 
breathe with the help of special organs - sheaths adapted to absorb oxygen 
dissolved in water.