Future of e-Government: An integrated conceptual framework


parting with issuing caste certificates, domicile certificates, land records


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parting with issuing caste certificates, domicile certificates, land records, 
etc. Therefore, we made a small change in the reporting structure and 
decided to put these information kiosks under the direct supervision of the 
village panchayat’. [Respondent #14] 
In the above case, an effort to establish congruence between the 
prevailing socio-cultural context and the e-government project’s design 
significantly affected the sustainability of the information kiosks. This 
example highlights the need for governments to understand the diverse 
social norms, types of peer pressure and operating environments in 
which citizens consume government services, encounter socio-cultural 
barriers and live their lives. Based upon the above evidence, we pro-
pose that defining the socio-cultural context significantly influences 
customer-centricity, which may strengthen the feasibility of e-govern-
ment projects. 
4.2.1.3. Co-creating value. Co-creating value involves collaborations 
between the government and citizens and/or representatives of society 
to generate mutual benefits through continuous rounds of interactions 
and feedback. We root this argument in the premise of service-dominant 
logic, which postulates the customer as a co-creator of value (
Vargo & 
Lusch, 2004
). Adopting service-dominant logic, governments can 
leverage their strengths to accumulate and capitalise on their citizens’ 
knowledge and thereby co-create innovative and impactful e-govern-
ment services. For example, the eGram project followed the 
service-dominant logic across different phases. The project team actively 
involved all stakeholders in identifying the impact areas, continuously 
shared information with stakeholders via repetitive rounds of in-
teractions and incorporated stakeholders’ feedback into the project’s 
design. Commenting on the value of co-creation, one senior policymaker 
noted: 
‘The government today is encouraging citizen participation in multiple 
ways. For example, hackathons are organised to seek participatory so-
lutions from citizens. Similarly, the district administration is encouraged 
to spend time in rural areas to directly interact with the citizens and build 
trust-based relationships’. [Respondent #142] 
Value co-creation is a multifaceted process that involves a complex 
array of dimensions such as connection, trust and commitment (
Randall 
et al., 2011
). However, co-creation is a desirable goal and can signifi-
cantly improve customer orientation (
Jaworski & Kohli, 2014
), ulti-
mately enhancing the desirability of e-government from the citizens’ 
perspective. 
4.2.2. Channel orientation 
Intermediaries not only enable the implementation but also facilitate 
the delivery of e-government services to citizens by acting as channel 
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