Geocentric Model aka Ptolemaic Model Ancient Greeks- Earth is at the center of the Universe.
- The Earth stood still & never moved.
- Stars are on a separate sphere orbiting the Earth
7 objects moved differently in the sky known as the “wanderers” or planetai. Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter & Saturn - 7 objects moved differently in the sky known as the “wanderers” or planetai. Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter & Saturn
Ptolemy- Designed an updated model of the geocentric model.
- The planets orbit in circles around the Earth & also travel in circles on the orbit.
Heliocentric Model Heliocentric Model Nicholas Copernicus- Earth revolves around the Sun.
- Moon revolves around the Earth.
- Earth rotates on an axis.
- Planets revolved around the Sun.
- Planets have circular orbits.
Tycho Brahe & Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe & Johannes Kepler- Brahe charted the motions of celestial bodies before telescopes.
- Mathematician Kepler used Brahe’s data to form the Laws of Planetary Motion:
- 1. The path of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse.
2. A planet will travel faster when it is closer to the Sun & cover a greater distance than when it is farther away. 2. A planet will travel faster when it is closer to the Sun & cover a greater distance than when it is farther away.3. The more distant the planet’s orbit is from the Sun, the longer it takes to make a single revolution.
Nebula Theory: Formation of the Solar System Nebula Theory: Formation of the Solar System1. More than 4.6 billion years ago, the solar system was a cloud (nebula) fragment of gas, ice, & dust.
2. Gradually, this cloud fragment contracted into a large, tightly packed, spinning disk. The disk’s center was so hot & dense that nuclear fusion reaction occur forming the Sun. 2. Gradually, this cloud fragment contracted into a large, tightly packed, spinning disk. The disk’s center was so hot & dense that nuclear fusion reaction occur forming the Sun.
3. The rest of the material in the disk cools enough to clump into scattered solids. 3. The rest of the material in the disk cools enough to clump into scattered solids.
4. Finally, these clumps collided & combined to become the planets, dwarf planets, comets, asteroids, etc. 4. Finally, these clumps collided & combined to become the planets, dwarf planets, comets, asteroids, etc.
» The planets all orbit on the same plane called the ecliptic. » The planets all orbit on the same plane called the ecliptic. » The 8 planets occasionally line up in a straight line.
Galileo Galileo- Believed that objects fall to the Earth at the same rate despite the object’s weight.
- Air resistance slows down falling objects.
Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton- Law of Universal Gravitation
- » Gravity is a force generated between two objects.
- » Gravity depends on the mass of each object & the distance between them.
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein- Theory of General Relativity
- » Matter tells space how to curve.
- » Curved space tells matter how to move.
- » Everything moves in the straightest possible line in curved space-time.
I do not believe that civilization will be wiped out in a war fought with the atomic bomb. Perhaps two-thirds of the people of the earth will be killed. I do not believe that civilization will be wiped out in a war fought with the atomic bomb. Perhaps two-thirds of the people of the earth will be killed. I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former. ----------Albert Einstein
Distances in the Solar System Distances in the Solar System- Astronomical Units
- Distances in space are millions of miles/kilometers in the solar system.
- One astronomical units (AU) is the distance between the Earth & the Sun.
- 1 AU = 93 million miles = 150 million km
Terrestrial Planets Terrestrial Planets Mercury- .39 AU from the Sun
- Named after the Roman messenger god (Hermes)
- Covered in craters & cliffs, similar to the Moon.
- No true atmosphere; trace amounts of sodium & potassium.
- As cold as -170oC in the dark & as hot as 425oC in the light.
Venus Venus- .72 AU from the Sun
- Named after the Roman goddess of love & beauty (Aphrodite)
- Thick atmosphere of CO2 which causes a severe greenhouse effect producing temperatures well over 400oC. (Hottest planet)
- Air pressure is 90 times greater than the Earth’s.
- Similar to Earth’s size.
Has retrograde rotation (rotates backwards) - Has retrograde rotation (rotates backwards)
- Takes longer to rotate than to revolve around the Sun. (Day is longer than its year.)
- Covered with inactive volcanoes.
- 3rd brightest object in Earth’s sky.
Earth Earth- 1.0 AU from the Sun
- Also known as Gaia, Terra, or Home.
- More than 70% of Earth’s surface is covered in water.
- Only planet known to have life in existence.
- Has a natural satellite (Moon/Luna.)
Mars Mars- 1.5 AU from the Sun
- Named after the Roman god of war (Ares)
- Iron oxide (rust) in the soil gives it a reddish color.
- Polar ice caps made mostly of frozen CO2 (dry ice) & some water.
- Mars is half the size of the Earth.
- Global dust storms.
- Ranges from -125oC at night & 20oC during the day.
Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the solar system is on Mars. - Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the solar system is on Mars.
- Thin Martian atmosphere of Nitrogen & CO2
- Mars has two small moons (Phobos and Deimos) that came from the asteroid belt.
Jovian Planets Jovian Planets Jupiter- 5.2 AU from the Sun
- Named after the Roman king of the gods. (Zeus)
- Completely made of Hydrogen & Helium gas (gas giant)
- Largest of the solar planets.
- Swirling bands of rotating clouds in the upper atmosphere.
Large rotating hurricane called the Great Red Spot. (2 Earth sizes) - Large rotating hurricane called the Great Red Spot. (2 Earth sizes)
- 4 faint rings in orbit.
- 2.5 times greater in mass than all of the other planets combined.
- Has at least 63 natural satellites, 4 largest are known as the Galilean Moons.
Ganymede - Ganymede
- » Largest moon in the solar system (bigger than Mercury, but less mass.)
- » Covered with a crust of rock & ice that is heavily cratered.
- » Thin atmosphere of Oxygen.
Callisto - Callisto
- » 3rd largest moon in the solar system
- » Most heavily cratered object in the solar system.
- » Thin atmosphere of CO2.
Europa - Europa
- » Covered in a shell of ice
- » A deep ocean beneath the ice shell.
- » Thin atmosphere of Oxygen.
Io - Io
- » About the size of the Earth’s Moon.
- » Most volcanically active body in the solar system. Erupts sulfur.
- » Thin atmosphere of Sulfur dioxide.
- » No craters. Why?
Saturn Saturn- 9.6 AU from the Sun
- Named after the Roman god of agriculture. (Cronos)
- Made of Hydrogen & Helium (gas giant)
- Flattened poles from spinning very fast.
- Less dense than water.
Most elaborate system of rings (rock & ice debris) - Most elaborate system of rings (rock & ice debris)
- 14 or more rings.
- 56 or more natural satellites.
Titan - Titan
- » 2nd largest moon in the solar system.
- » Has a thick, dense atmosphere mostly of Nitrogen & some methane.
- » Surface is “squishy” & has lakes of liquid hydrocarbons.
Uranus Uranus- 19.2 AU from the Sun
- Named after the Greek god of the sky.
- Gas giant made of Hydrogen, Helium & methane.
- Rotates on its side.
- System of rings.
- 27 or more moons.
Neptune Neptune- 30.1 AU from the Sun
- Named after the Roman god of the sea (Poseidon)
- Gas giant made of Hydrogen, Helium, & methane. (the methane makes it blue)
- Near-supersonic & dynamic storms.
- Faint ring system.
- 13 known moons
Triton - Triton
- » Icy, rocky surface.
- » Coldest body in the solar system (- 37oC)
- » Icy volcanoes & geysers erupting Nitrogen, dust & methane
Dwarf Planets Dwarf Planets Ceres- 2.7 AU from the Sun
- Largest object in the asteroid belt (950km in diameter.)
- Classified an asteroid for over 150 years.
- It is believed to have a rocky core, icy water mantle, & a thin, dusty crust.
Pluto Pluto- 39.4 AU from the Sun
- Named after the Roman god of the underworld (Hades)
- Second largest dwarf planet in the solar system.
- Pluto’s companion, Charon , is half the size & doesn’t orbit around Pluto.
- Pluto & Charon are small enough to fit inside the United States.
Eris Eris- 67.7 AU from the Sun
- Largest known dwarf planet in the solar system with a diameter of 2400km.
- At least one moon, Dysnomia.
Other Possible Dwarf Planets Other Possible Dwarf Planets- Orcus
- Sedna
- Charon
- Possibly 43 others
Comets Comets- Large chunks of frozen gases, rock & dust orbiting the Sun. (Dirty snowball)
- 1. Nucleus – main portion of the comet
- 2. Coma – thawed gases & dust form a bright cloud surrounding the nucleus.
- 3. Tail – solar winds push away the gases of the coma forming a blue ion tail & a yellowish-white dust tail.
Famous Comets
Comet Hale-Bopp - Comet Hale-Bopp
- » Comet discovered by amateur astronomers.
- » Last seen Spring of 1997.
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 - Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
- » Broke into several pieces and collided with Jupiter in 1994.
- » They created several dark marks in the atmosphere that eventually disappeared.
Asteroids Asteroids- Large chunks of rock material left over from the formation of the solar system.
- Most asteroids are found in the asteroid belt between Mars & Jupiter.
Meteoroids, Meteors, & Meteorites Meteoroids, Meteors, & Meteorites- Meteoroids are pieces of rock & dust left behind by orbiting comets.
- Small meteoroids that burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere are called meteors or “shooting stars.”
- Larger meteoroids that don’t burn up in the atmosphere and hit the Earth are called meteorites.
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