- Globalization is a process of rapprochement and growth of interconnection between nations and states of the world, accompanied by the development of common political, economic, cultural and value standards.
- There are various versions of the causes of globalization. K. Marx linked this process with the specificity of capitalism, which constantly needs new markets and resources, F. Nietzsche - with the “will to power” characteristic of the Western spirit M. McLuhan - with the development of modern technology, communications and the media, which, by connecting disparate parts of space and accelerating the dissemination of information to the speed of a nerve impulse, they turn the globe into a “global village”, where a state of universal involvement arises and a “tribal community” of people is reborn.
- Globalists - supporters of globalization are convinced that it is exclusively the bearer of progress. Therefore, their attention is primarily focused on the positive consequences of this process, which, as a rule, include
- - increasing the efficiency of using all factors of production, reducing production costs through the spread of more productive and resource-saving technologies;
- - the spread of new information technologies and the benefits associated with them (reduction of time and costs of transactions, improvement of working and living conditions)
- - deepening the international division of labor and expanding mutually beneficial international trade;
- - increased flows of foreign direct investment;
- - increasing the degree of competitiveness of international markets.
- Consequently, globalization creates an additional external impetus to improve the efficiency of the functioning of national economies, the rates of their economic growth, increase the quantity and improve the quality of products, while simultaneously making them cheaper, and consequently, to an increase in the level of social welfare in general.
- Antiglobalists - opponents of globalization - primarily focus on its negative consequences, which include:
- - an increase in the imbalance of the international economy - an increase in the gap in the levels of development of countries of the world, an increase in the influence of the leading countries on other countries of the world, an increase in the information and technological gap between the leading countries and outsider countries
- - aggravation of contradictions between the countries of the center and periphery;
- - strengthening the influence of transnational corporations, their absorption of national markets;
- - strengthening the influence of international financial organizations on the economies of individual countries;
- - strengthening of negative external influences from the economies of some countries and the world economy as a whole on the macroeconomic situation in other countries;
- - the threat of economic and political dependence of the peripheral countries on the leading countries of globalization.
- Consequently, globalization creates not only additional impulses for development, but also additional external risks. For the leading countries of globalization, these are the risks of increased opposition from developed competing countries and increased costs of maintaining the leader's status, risks of increased spending on aid to peripheral countries, the risks of aggression from international terrorism, etc. For outsider countries, these are risks of irreversible lag behind leading countries, risks of loss of economic independence, consolidation of the irrational structure of the economy, risks of absorption of national markets by TNCs, etc. External macroeconomic risks of all national economies include the risks of the impact of the crisis in the world economy or its large subsystems due to the cyclical nature of development, risks caused by structural shifts in the global economy.
- What are global problems?
- Global or challenges of the XXI century are called the problems that arose in the second half of the XX-early XXI century, covering different countries and continents, threatening the existence of all mankind. They also need to be solved together, by the entire world community.
- Part of the contradictions of the modern world is a reflection of new, global trends in the development of civilization, but some problems are quite old, inherited from past generations, some are truly eternal.
- Problems are an expression of contradictions, for example: man - nature, state - personality, strong countries - weak, nature's capabilities - human needs for natural and other resources. Some old problems are taking on a new look in modern conditions. For example, the problem of war and peace with the development of new technologies takes a new turn, as the problem of the existence of mankind
- The problem of preserving peace (the threat of a third world war, war and peace)
- One of the oldest "traditional" problems, which for a long time was considered the main one. The beginning of the XXI century did not save humanity from wars and conflicts. Wars are divided into local, general (for example, European) and world wars. World wars are a product of the 20th century. Nevertheless, the first pan-European war took place already in the 17th century. (30-year-old), although some historians consider the late medieval centenary war to be pan-European. Historians have calculated that over the past 12 thousand years, mankind has lived without war for only 292 years, and as a result of wars during this time, about 3 billion people died.
- Although at present, the threat of nuclear war has diminished, nevertheless, the danger of these weapons falling into authoritarian countries has intensified. regimes and into the hands of terrorist groups.
- The problem of food shortages.
- The problem of depletion of natural resources
- The main problem is energy resources. The reserves of coal, oil and gas are being depleted.
- Natural resources are objects and natural phenomena that are used (or can be used) to meet the needs of society. Whenever possible, the use is divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible. Exhaustible natural resources can be consumed by humanity in the near or distant future: oil, coal, soil, forest, etc. They provide the needs of human society only for a certain period of time, the duration of which depends on the reserves of the resource and the intensity of its use. Their self-healing is impossible in nature, human creation is excluded, since they arose as a result of the deposition (deposition in the stock) of chemical elements.
- It is spawned by two processes:
- - population explosion in developing countries
- - demographic crisis in developed countries (less than 5% of the annual population growth).
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