Going from inductive teaching to deduction in efl teaching Plan Introduction
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Observe a pattern:
Another 20 flights from low-cost airlines are delayed All observed dogs have fleas All observed animals depend on water to exist Develop a theory: Low cost airlines always have delays All dogs have fleas All biological life depends on water to exist A conclusion drawn on the basis of an inductive method can never be proven, but it can be invalidated. You observe 1000 flights from low-cost airlines. All of them experience a delay, which is in line with your theory. However, you can never prove that flight 1001 will also be delayed. Still, the larger your dataset, the more reliable the conclusion. Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories.[7] In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the theory were correct. We go from the general the theory to the specific the observations. Deductive reasoning usually follows steps. First, there is a premise, then a second premise, and finally an inference. A common form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, in which two statements a major premise and a minor premise reach a logical conclusion. For example, the premise Every A is B could be followed by another premise, This C is A. Those statements would lead to the conclusion This C is B. Syllogisms are considered a good way to test deductive reasoning to make sure the argument is valid. For example, All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal. For deductive reasoning to be sound, the hypothesis must be correct. It is assumed that the premises, All men are mortal and Harold is a man are true. Therefore, the conclusion is logical and true. In deductive reasoning, if something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class. Deductive inference conclusions are certain provided the premises are true. It's possible to come to a logical conclusion even if the generalization is not true. If the generalization is wrong, the conclusion may be logical, but it may also be untrue. For example, the argument, All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a grandfather, is valid logically but it is untrue because the original statement is false. Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Basically, there is data, then conclusions are drawn from the data. This is called inductive logic. In inductive inference, we go from the specific to the general.[8] We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory. In science, there is a constant interplay between inductive inference based on observations and deductive inference based on theory, until we get closer and closer to the truth, which we can only approach but not ascertain with complete certainty. An example of inductive logic is, The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin is a penny. A third coin from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies. Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false. Here's an example. Harold is a grandfather. Harold is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald. The conclusion does not follow logically from the statements. Inductive reasoning has its place in the scientific method. Scientists use it to form hypotheses and theories. Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations. An example of an argument using deductive reasoning: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. The first premise states that all objects classified as men have the attribute mortal. The second premise states that Socrates is classified as a man a member of the set men. The conclusion then states that Socrates must be mortal because he inherits this attribute from his classification as a man. An example of an argument using deductive reasoning leading to erroneous conclusion: All police officers are instruments of law. The piano is an instrument. Therefore, all police officers are pianos. To get a better idea of inductive logic, view a few different examples. See if you can tell what type of inductive reasoning is at play. Jennifer always leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. Jennifer is always on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that if she leaves at 7:00 a.m. for school today, she will be on time. The cost of goods was $1.00. The cost of labor to manufacture the item was $0.50. The sales price of the item was $5.00. So, the item always provides a good profit for the stores selling it. Every windstorm in this area comes from the north. I can see a big cloud of dust in the distance. A new windstorm is coming from the north. Bob is showing a big diamond ring to his friend Larry. Bob has told Larry that he is planning to marry Joan. Bob must be surprising Joan with the diamond ring tonight. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the bedroom is red. All the chairs in the house are red. Every time you eat peanuts, you start to cough. You are allergic to peanuts. Every cat that you've observed purrs. Therefore, all cats must purr. Michael just moved here from Chicago. Michael has red hair. Therefore, all people from Chicago have red hair. The children in that house yell loudly when they play in their bedroom. I can hear children yelling in that house. Therefore, the children must be playing in their bedroom. Every chicken we've seen has been brown. All chickens in this area must be brown. John is an excellent swimmer. His family has a swimming pool. John's sister Mary must also be an excellent swimmer. All brown dogs in the park today are small dogs. Therefore, all small dogs must be brown. All the children in this daycare center like to play with Lego. All children must like to play with Lego. Ray is a football player. All the other football players on the high school team weigh more than 170 pounds. Therefore, Ray must weigh more than 170 pounds. Practically every house on South Street is falling apart. Sherry lives on South Street. Her house is probably falling apart. Every year we get a thunderstorm in May. Since it is May, we will get a thunderstorm. Download 38.72 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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