Grace грация, и

PREFACE

You might have already had some experience of translation, and we would like you to share your ideas about what you think, translation is judging by your individual practice.

Translation is _____________________________________________________ .
Most Russian and world scholars believe that translation is a simultaneous process and result of turning a text from one language into another, which means expressing the same by the signs of a different language, i.e. translation is a means of interlingual communication.
The main purpose of translation is rendering the content of a text, given in a source language (SL), the language from which the translation is made, by the means of a target language (TL), the language into which the translation is made. Hence, the main principle of translation is: Translation starts where dictionary ends.
As a rule, the object of translation is not a list of separate lexical units but a coherent text in which the SL words make up an integral whole. Though each word in the language has its own meaning, the actual information it conveys in a text depends, to a great extent, on its contextual environment.
If you open a dictionary you will be embarrassed by the abundance of different versions suggested as translation variants of a certain lexical unit.. For instance, the noun Grace, offers the following paradigm:
Grace –

1. 
   грация, изящество, привлекательность: to be in sb's good graces - пользоваться чьей-либо благосклонностью;
   
2. 
   приличие, такт, любезность: with a good grace - любезно, охотно; with a bad grace - нелюбезно, неохотно; You had the ill grace to deny it - Вы имели бестактность отрицать это;
   
3. 
   Pl./ graces - привлекательные свойства, качества;
   
4. 
   милость, милосердие, прощение - Act of Grace – амнистия;
   
5. 
   отсрочка, передышка - days of grace;
   
6. 
   ком. льготные дни для уплаты по векселю;
   
7. 
   молитва (перед едой и после);
   
8. 
   унив. разрешение на получение ученой степени;
   
9. 
   милость, светлость (форма обращения к герцогу, архиепископу): Your, His Grace - Ваша(Его) светлость;
   

10) the Graces(pl) - миф. Грации;
11) муз. фиоритура;
12) pl. игра в серсo’;
13) украшать (with);
14) награждать.
As you see, it’s not an easy matter to choose the appropriate version to fit into a translation. This difficulty is connected with the fact that in any language there are two related planes: that of the content and that of the expression. In fact, the translator should preserve the content intact, whereas the expression varies from language to language. In other words, the meaning of the text does not change after translation, but the form may be determined by a certain individual language.
Sometimes even absolutely common words may be difficult to understand and translate. For instance, scholarship, training, etc. If you consult the English-Russian, you’ll find the following meanings of the first word:

1. 
   ученость, эрудиция;
   
2. 
   стипендия.
   

However, the students’ practice would rather enable them to refer to the second meaning, which is quite proper, while in English speaking countries scholarship is more likely to be the pocket money which is extracted the tuition fee, paid by the students themselves, whereas in Russia стипендия is the amount of money which the educational authorities pay to good achievers at State Universities.
As for the word training the dictionary provides two meanings: 1) воспитание, 2) обучение; 3) тренировка; 4) дрессировка. But still, we would rather offer another translation of this word: тренинг, which denotes in the context of the contemporary Russian language “обучение”, приобретение навыков через деловые, ролевые игры, упражнения и дискуссии. The essence of the notion does consist mainly in the acquisition of new knowledge, but in its systematization and conveying the information through the personal experience and perception of the trainee.
In the majority of cases there is no one-to-one correspondence between the SL and the TL. For example, the act of travelling can be described by a number of synonyms which differ by various implications. They all modify the act of going from one place to another, but differ by the length of time, taken by the act, its purpose, destination, or method of travelling:
Travel n.: the act of travelling, esp.. a long one in distant or foreign places, either for the purpose of discovering something new or in a search of pleasure and adventure. (Freq. in the plural); e.g. He is writing a book about his travels in Africa.
Journey n.: the act of going from one place to another, usually taking a rather long time; e.g. It’s a three days’ journey by train. You’ll have to make the journey alone. Going on a journey is always exciting.
Voyage n.: a rather long journey, esp. by water or air; e.g. I’d love to go on a voyage, would you? The idea of an Atlantic voyage terrified her: she was sure to be seasick all the time.