Grade book lick-clack the rattlebag

WAR IN SUDAN 
Before South Sudan gained independence in 2011, Sudan was the largest country on the 
African continent. It bordered Egypt and Libya to the north, as well as seven other 
nations to its east, west, and south. This informational text explains the causes and 
consequences of the civil wars in Sudan and South Sudan. 
As you read, take notes on the factors that led to the violence. 
[1]Conflicts in the country of Sudan began as early as 1953. Before 1953, Britain and 
Egypt jointly controlled northern and southern Sudan, but they kept the regions 
separated. These separate territories of Sudan had stark cultural differences. When 
Britain decided to give Sudan its independence in 1953, Britain combined the two 
regions without talking to Sudanese leaders. 
The change caused tension to arise between the south and the north of Sudan. The south 
feared that the north would attempt to exert control over the entire country. Southerners 
believed the new independent government did not give them equal power to the north. 
THE FIRST CIVIL WAR 
In 1955, a rumor arose about a telegram sent to the northern members of the 
government. The rumor was that the telegram encouraged the northern leaders to 
oppress1 the south. Southern rebels instigated2 small fights across the countryside in 

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response to this rumor. The small uprisings were not enough to threaten the new 
government, but they did continue for several years. 
By 1963, the southern rebels had formed a more organized resistance force. They called 
themselves the Anyanya guerilla army. They grew in strength and popularity from 1963 
to 1969. 
[5]In 1964, a temporary government was established because different members of the 
country’s leadership did not trust one another. Over the next few years this government 
was controlled by Muslim rulers, but they were not able to foster peace amid the many 
ethnic, economic, and religious conflicts. 
The Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM) formed during this period. It was 
an organization that officially called for South Sudan to be its own independent country. 
The SSLM united all the southern rebels that had been fighting against the north. 
The war ended in 1972 when both sides finally came to an agreement: the Addis Ababa 
Agreements, named after the capital city of Ethiopia where the two sides met to discuss 
conditions for peace. Sudan would remain one unified country, but the south was given 
a greater amount of power in governing their own region. However, some of the 
southern leaders were skeptical about the peace agreement.Q1