Grammar as a phenomenon – a subsystem of language as a linguistic discipline

The problems of the category of voice:

1. 
   The number of voices in English
   
2. 
   The nature of “to be + Part II”
   
3. 
   The nature of “get/become + Part II” structure
   

1. 
   The number of voices in English?
   

1. 
   Phil hurt Mary S/agent -> O
   

Mary was hurt by Phil O <- S/agent
*1)He hurt himself ??? – 1 - Reflexive

2. 
   Tom greeted Bob S/agent -> O
   

Bob was greeted by Tom O <- S/agent
*2)They greeted each other ??? – 2 - Reciprocal

3. 
   I opened the door S/agent -> O
   

The door was opened by me. O <- S/agent
*3)The door opened ???- 3 – Middle

BUT!!!!!!! + (recall the features of an analytical form in ques. 4)

*1) And *2) are not analytical forms. Reflexive and reciprocal meanings are expressed by correspondent pronouns which have their own syntactic function of the direct object (the most striking feature of pronouns is that they can be used both as notional and as auxiliary elements – each other, himself)

In *3) . Some say it is passive. Morphologically, it is not passive because it lacks the pattern “be + Part II”
Semantically, it is different from the passive construction too: in the passive construction the subject is acted upon but here the subject is neither the agent not the object of the action. Barchudarov: the subject here indicates the thing inside which the action is going on.
Syntactically, it is not identical with the passive construction either. It doesn’t allow the introduction of an agent:
The door was opened by a girl – The door opened

? to be + Part II = always Passive voice?

1. 
   The cup was broken by the cat
   
2. 
   The cup was broken - ???
   

1. 
   Passive – Barkhudarov
   
2. 
   But there is no action, it denotes a state as a result of the previous action
   

Passive constructions must have corresponding active constructions
Smirnitskiy
The table is made of wood. – has no parallel active construction => denotes a state.
The majority of linguists think that we deal with two different constructions here. When the combination “be + Part II” indicates an action it should be treated as the passive voice, when it renders the meaning of state it should be qualified as a compound nominal predicate with the verb in the active voice.
“Be + Part II” constitutes the passive voice in the following cases:

• 
  A by-phrase denoting the doer of the action ( was broken by the cat)
  
• 
  Act.- modifying adverbials (were made quickly)
  
• 
  Some categorical (strong, marked) forms of verbs – fut.cont. perf. – has been made
  
• 
  Modal verbs (not always) – can be broken
  
• 
  Corresponding active constr.
  

All these indicate action, differentiating it from state