Grammar as a phenomenon – a subsystem of language as a linguistic discipline

The category of posteriority/ prospect
The opposition of gram. forms having different gram.meanings -> gram. category


Comes – will come
Came – would come

This opposition reveals a special category, the category of posteriority ( prospect). Will come denotes absolute posteriority, would come – relative posteriority.

Ask⁻ – asked⁺ the category of tense

Ask⁻ – will ask⁺ the category of prospect/posteriority
Asked⁻ – would ask⁺ the category of prospect
12. The category of order/correlation/ phase/priority..

The category of order is constituted by the opposition of perfect and non-perfect forms.

Asks⁻ – has asked⁺ inflexional binary privative opposition
Asked⁻ – had asked⁺
Non-perfect – perfect

The marked member of the opposition is the perfect, which is built up by the auxiliary have in combination with the past participle of the conjugated verb.

BUT!
The meaning of the marked member and the meaning of the category are still being discussed

Prevailing approaches:

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  The "tense view": by this view the perfect is approached as a peculiar tense form. (Sweet, Curme, Bryant, Irtenyeva)
  

The difference between the perfect and non-perfect forms of the verb, according to the tense interpretation of the perfect, consists in the fact that the perfect denotes a secondary temporal characteristic of the action. It shows that the denoted action precedes some other action or situation in the present, past, or future. This secondary tense quality of the perfect, in the context of the "tense view", is naturally contrasted against the secondary tense quality of the continuous, which latter, according to N. F. Irtenyeva, intensely expresses simultaneity of the denoted action with some other action in the present, past, or future.

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