Grammar as a phenomenon – a subsystem of language as a linguistic discipline

1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units of grammar and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.

What is grammar?

Grammar
1. as a phenomenon – a subsystem of language
2. as a linguistic discipline – type of describing/ interpreting the phenomenon
3. as a university course – subject to learn


Subsystems of language


Subsystems Disciplines
- phonetics - phonology
-lexicon/vocabulary - lexicology
-grammar - grammar


Expressing meanings
e.g. Quantity

-Lexically -Grammatically

one this-these

many dog-dogs
few ask-asks
one item 2 items

Grammar as a phenomenon

??? !!!!
What is it is a subsystem in language which expresses meanings through
What does it do the opposition of variants of
How one and the same unit.

Types of grammar

as a linguistic discipline

• 
  Descriptive gr. - WHAT
  
• 
  Prescriptive gr. - WHAT
  
• 
  Normative gr. - WHAT (what ко всем)
  

• 
  Categorial gr. -
  
• 
  Functional gr. -
  
• 
  Communiative - HOW (ко всем how, why)
  
• 
  Generative gr. - WHY
  
• 
  Semantic gr./ case gr. -
  
• 
  Cognitive gr. –
  

Grammar
as a university course
may be

WHAT? HOW? WHY?

practical theoretical
-describes the grammatical - gives a scientific explanation of the
system of a given nature and peculiarities of the grammatical
language system of the language

Main units of grammar are a word and a sentence. A word may be divided into morphemes, a sentence may be divided into phrases (word groups). A morpheme, a word, a phrase and a sentence are units of different levels of language structure. A unit of a higher level consists of one or more units of a lower level.

Units of grammar

• 
  Morpheme – form building morphemes/ inflections (1)
  
• 
  Word (2)
  
• 
  Word group/ phrase (3)
  
• 
  Sentence (4)
  
• 
  Units larger than a sentence – supra sentential unities/ supraphrasal unities/ clause clasters etc. / texts (5)
  

1,2,3 – Naming function, do not convey any information

4,5 – Nominative and communicative functions; they exist only in speech

Grammatical units enter into 2 types of relations: in the language system (paradigmatic relations) and in speech (syntagmatic relations)

Paradigmaic

In the language system each unit is included into a set of connections based on different properties . Ex. Word forms child, children, child's, children's have the same lexical meaning and have different grammatical meanings. They constitute a lexeme.
Word-forms children, boys, men, books.. have the same grammatical meaning and have different lexical meanings. They constitute a grammeme ( a categorical form, a form class).
The system of all grammemes ( gram. Forms) of all lexemes (words) of a given class constitutes a paradigm.