Green Capitals "in the Hearts and Minds of the People"
Benefits associated with the EGCA
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GreenCapitalsintheHeartsandMindsofthePeople
Benefits associated with the EGCA
When it comes to benefits, the narratives of the interviewees put together those benefits that were expected when applying and those that could be observed after the process. Sometimes even the distinction between benefits and the reasons for applying was quite blurred. However, in all interviews a specific recap of the benefits was asked for in order to prevent an overlap. What emerged is that the expected benefits and the reasons for applying are often similar, if not the same. When it comes to ex-post benefits, however, interviewees identify some extra benefits as a result of carrying out the EGCA process that were not expected at first. This section serves them as a further step compared to the previous one where the relationship between expectations and real benefits of the EGCA as perceived by interviewees can be related. Starting from the expected benefits, when applying to the EGCA the general expectations among those who worked on the application varied considerably from one case to the other. One rough distinction that can be done to start diving into expectations can be between the benefits expected for the municipality and those expected for the city at large. For the municipality, it was expected that the EGCA would lead to creating a benchmark of the city environmental policy (OSL-ADM1; NIJ-ADM1; TOR-ADM), networking with forerunner cities (CAG-POL; GHE-ADM2; UM-ADM), challenging the vertical way environmental policies are managed in the city (BOL-POL; CAG-CON; TOR-ADM) and creating momentum for environmental policy in the city (BOL-ADM; GHE-ADM2; LAH-POL; NIJ-ADM1). In the city at large, it was expected that the award would sensibilize the citizens on sustainability issues (CAL-POL; GHE-ADM1; LAH-POL; NIJ-ADM1), attract tourists and innovative businesses (BOL-ADM; BOL-POL; GHE-ADM1; LAH-POL) and draw more visibility either on the city at the international level (BOL-ADM; BOL-POL; GHE-ADM1; GHE-ADM2; LAH-ADM) or on the city achievements and successes, bolstering local pride (LAH-POL; TOR-ADM; TAL-ADM) UM-ADM). Just like the reasons for applying to the EGCA, such expected benefits seem to 38 be quite context-dependent, as each interviewee reconnects them to the specific situation of their city. For instance, in the Finnish city of Lahti, whose officials stressed the importance of reshaping the post-industrial image of the city, the most mentioned benefits regarded visibility, local pride and offering economic opportunities to local actors (LAH-ADM; LAH-POL): "It would be a possibility for our citizens to see how good this city of ours is in this… area, and it would lift our self-consciousness, our self-esteem." (LAH-POL) "this award have been… have been a tool for cities to develop and evolve and they have also had a lot… lots of environmental tourists they have… universities and their companies businesses have been getting new opportunities" (LAH-POL) Again, in some cases such a context did not make cities focus on the benefits of winning the award, which was regarded as unlikely, but rather on participation itself. This can be observed particularly among medium- to small-size cities of the sample, such as Bologna, Cagliari, Nijmegen and Umeå. The feeling there was that victory was hard against big cities, but it was hoped to gain something from participating in any case (BOL-ADM; BOL-POL; CAG-CON; NIJ-ADM1; UM-ADM). Running for the EGCA was mostly expected to challenge the current policymaking and create momentum for sustainability policy, as in Cagliari: "We decided to try without being convinced to reach a… winning result. We decided to try in order to give to the entire administration a sense of a direction, no?... of a challenge that the whole city… the whole administration could pursue." (CAG-CON, translated from Italian) Geographic differences do not seem to matter much in that, because such needs were reported at all latitudes, even if the point of departure was indeed said to be more advanced in Northern European cities (CAG-POL; LAH-ADM; UME-ADM). Once a city went through the EGCA process, some further benefits were noticed. Not surprisingly, the more phases of the award a city experienced, the more ex-post benefits were related.In particular, the EGCA is confirmed to have challenged the vertical organization of municipal policymaking, which rules that one specialized office works on a project falling under its competences (BOL-POL; CAG-CON; NIJ-ADM1). Working on the EGCA required multiple offices to cooperate simultaneously, instead, which is regarded as 39 necessary for a sustainability project, but is still unusual for municipal employees (BOL-POL; CAG-POL; NIJ-ADM1; OSL-ADM1). In those cases where the staff worked for years on the EGCA, like winner cities, this new way of working brought more internal cohesion in the municipal staff and the set-up of new transdisciplinary structures dedicated to sustainability (OSL-ADM2; NIJ-ADM1). A third benefit that satisfied even the cities that had already much experience with TMNs was the chance of joining the EGC Network, which is reserved to finalists and winners ( European Commission, n.d. ). Apart from Tallinn (GHE-ADM2; TAL-ADM), all the cases of this research that reached the finals or won the EGCA have been participating in the EGC Network afterwards. The EGC Network is said to be an excellent arena where ideas, experiences and challenges can be exchanged in a very informal context (GHE-ADM1; GHE-ADM2; NIJ-ADM1; OSL-ADM1; UME-ADM). Having still so few members, the EGC Network still creates a "family" context for many interviewees (GHE-ADM2; NIJ-ADM1; UME-ADM). Some of them hope it can play a more prominent political role in the future to lobby in favour of the role of European cities in EU sustainability policy (GHE-ADM2; NIJ-ADM1). Even so, some administrations that are part of different networks for different policy domains, such as Oslo, regard it as a secondary network for policymaking (OSL-ADM1). Finally, one last ex-post benefit of the award was increased networking at the local level, involving municipal actors, state and non-state stakeholders (OSL-ADM2; LAH-ADM; NIJ-ADM1). Being a finalist or a winner of the award, in particular, allowed to work together with local actors who showed much interest in the Green Capital Year as an event where businesses, academic institutions, NGOs and individuals alike could share their expertise and their thoughts on sustainability (OSL-ADM2; LAH-ADM; NIJ-ADM1; NIJ-ADM2). In all former winners, these partnerships are said to be still active and very useful for the municipality to engage the citizens in sustainability policy (NIJ-ADM1; OSL-ADM2). Even when it comes to the other expected benefits, no disappointment was expressed as related to the expectations of each case. The expectations concerning visibility and sensibilization have been perceived in the winner cities (NIJ-ADM1; OSL-ADM2) and even in some finalist cities (UM-ADM). In the latest winner, Lahti, for instance: "that is what we are seeing, we already know, that interest towards Lahti is ten times more than before " (LAH-POL) 40 Even the officials from the cities that did not reach the finals were satisfied with the governance challenge their administration had taken. They claimed that the report that was drawn for the contest is still one of the most comprehensive documents about environmental policy in their city (BOL-POL; CAG-POL). Even if the legacy of the EGCA is often more "in the hearts and minds of the people" (NIJ-ADM1) than in concrete policy measures (CAG-CON; NIJ-ADM1; OSL-ADM2), most interviewees regarded it as a step towards creating the right mentality for further sustainability policies in their city (LAH-POL; NIJ-ADM1; UME-ADM; TAL-ADM). What the results on benefits add to those concerning the reasons for applying is that practitioners believe the EGCA has been up to their expectations, even if the latter varied so much from case to case. As in the case of TMNs, then, the incentives the EGCA offers interact with the needs of applicants (Mocca, 2017, 2018). The fact that practitioners are satisfied with different phases of the award already shows that its impact is perceived to happen along a number of dimensions. If criteria were the only one that matters, the narratives would probably stress the importance of the application without mentioning the impact of the Green Capital Year and the EGC Network. Download 0.67 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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