Green Capitals "in the Hearts and Minds of the People"
The European Green Capital Award
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GreenCapitalsintheHeartsandMindsofthePeople
The European Green Capital Award
Even if TMNs have gained momentum in the 2000s, their diffusion has been stagnating by the 2010s, and most existing networks are now focusing on strengthening internal bonds rather than enlarging their membership (Heikkinen, 2020). This trend did not coincide with a backlash in European urban policy, though, because the Commission has been working on other soft tools in parallel (Verdonk, 2014; Oberthür, 2019). Cities themselves have brought 6 some inputs on what new policy tools could be launched. In the field of sustainability, a prominent example is the Covenant of Mayors, i.e. a voluntary program launched in 2010 whose adherent cities commit to considerable cuts of their emissions by 2020 (Heyvaert, 2013; Pablo-Romero et al., 2015). Another initiative that was proposed to the Commission by cities brought to launch an European award on sustainability open exclusively to medium-big cities: the European Green Capital Award (EGCA). This award was designed according to the indicators that had been developed in the previous decades for sustainable urban development within EU funds (Verdonk, 2014), and it works in a similar way as the European Capital of Culture, which started back in 1982 (Falk & Hangsten, 2017; Gomes & Librero-Cano, 2018). More specifically, the EGCA is an annual award launched in 2008 for those cities of the EU, EU candidates and European Market members that show to have particularly good environmental, economic and social standards coupled with an ambitious strategy for future developments (Berrini & Bono, 2011; Gulsrud et al., 2017; European Commission, n.d.). It was first proposed to the Commission in 2006 by a group of fifteen city administrations lead by Tallinn, which called on the EU to create an official acknowledgement for the ambitious efforts of cities in sustainability policy (Berrini & Bono, 2011). Reflecting the content of the proponents’ so-called Tallinn Memorandum (Tallinn & SEI, 2006), the main stated goals of the EGCA are to acknowledge the efforts of European cities in sustainable policies, to encourage further improvements and to identify models for other European cities (Berrini & Bono, 2011). In order to qualify for the award, an applicant city must fill a form including data on twelve sustainability indicators (ex. climate adaptation, green growth, governance…) (EGCA, 2022a). A panel of experts is going to rank cities based on their performances in the criteria, and a small number of finalists are chosen among the top-ranked cities. In a second evaluation round, the mayors of the finalists are called to hold a presentation on the achievements and commitments of their city in front of a jury of EU officials, and the jury selects the winner (EGCA, 2022a). The first award was assigned in 2010, and since then the structure of the EGCA has been reformed multiple times by adding or merging criteria (Gulsrud et al., 2017), lowering the population requirement from 200 000 to 100 000 inhabitants in 2014 (EGCA, 2014), providing an official application form in 2013 (EGCA, 2013) and adding a monetary prize worth 350 000 € in 2018 (EGCA, 2019). The winner city is announced one year and a half before it holds the title of green capital, so that its administration can prepare for the next 7 phase, the Green Capital Year, i.e. a series of events related to sustainability that the city is expected to host for one year while it holds the title (European Commission, n.d.). Past applicants have also set up a network of former winners and finalists in 2015 in order to keep collaborating even after the awarding (European Commission, n.d.). This European Green Capital Network (EGCN or EGC Network) is open to all former finalists and winners of the award, and it mostly organises thematic workshops and annual meetings for its members to share best practices (European Commission, n.d.). In 2018, it also made a political move by presenting a Call to Action at COP 24 to urge cities to take action in climate change policy (EGCN, 2018). Joining the EGC Network has become a phase in itself for finalists and winners, as it allows to keep exchanging best practices even after taking part to the contest (European Commission, n.d.). Thus, the EGCA is a soft tool with a complex structure comprising at least four different phases linked to the same number of activities. These activities span an official ranking at the end of the application phase, a presentation in the finals phase, networking when joining the EGC Network, and an annual event in the European Green Capital Year phase. The European Commission depicts the EGCA as an opportunity for cities to boost their environmental policy, attract tourists and investments in their territory, and network among sustainability forerunners in Europe (EGCA, 2022b). Even though the Commission's narrative stresses the importance of all the phases of the award, the academic literature on the EGCA has mostly focused on assessing its evaluation criteria (Meijering et al., 2014; Gulsrud et al., 2017), evaluating its past judgements (Ratas & Mäeltsemees, 2013; Ruiz del Portal, 2016) and analysing the narratives of winners (Gulsrud et al., 2017). The award is mostly depicted as the official city ranking of the European Commission concerning sustainability (Ratas & Mäeltsemees, 2013; Meijering et al., 2014; Rosol et al., 2017), and little attention is given to the phases coming after the contest, i.e. the Green Capital Year and the EGC Network. As to the impact of the award, the EGCA has been claimed to promote a model of green city that indicates on which sectors cities should invest, which has been criticised for fostering traditional economic development at the expense of environmental protection (Gulsrud et al., 2017; Rosol et al., 2017). Nevertheless, such impact is mostly deduced by applying to the EGCA existing theories on city ranking, while no empirical study supports any influence of the EGCA on urban policies at the moment. Much research has been done instead on the acknowledgement that worked as a model for the EGCA design, i.e. the European Capital of Culture (ECoC). Like the EGCA, the ECoC includes a selection procedure, a big yearly event and a network of former participants 8 (ECoC Policy Group 2010; Lähdesmäki, 2014; Richards & Marqués, 2016). Unlike EGCA literature, research on the ECoC has robustly assessed the concrete effects of event-hosting on urban cultural policy as well as the GDP, touristic rates and the socio-political contexts of its winners (see Palmer 2004; Gomes & Librero-Cano 2016; Srakar & Vecco 2016; Falk & Hangsten 2017). Even non-winners have been found to benefit from just applying to the contest, as the bid is an occasion for city administrations to network both with local actors (Richards & Marqués, 2016) and other cities (ECoC Policy Group 2010). If the EGCA were found to offer similar benefits in the field of sustainability, the award could be considered a quite influential soft tool in the hands of the Commission to promote its vision on sustainable development. The Green Capital Year and the EGC Network in particular would play a key role in that, as event-hosting and networking are the features of the ECoC that have been found to be the most influential. The fact that existing literature focuses on ranking puts their assumptions on the influence of the EGCA (Gulsrud et al., 2017) in line with those of city ranking literature (McManus, 2012; Elgert, 2018). Nevertheless, considering the other dimensions of the award could bring to different conclusions, and reveal new sides of the EGCA’s influence that an analytical focus on criteria overshadows. In the last years, soft tools have proved to be quite influential in reshaping (and reinforcing) the powers of the European Commission in many sectors, most notably in budget policy (Dehousse, 2016). One possible explanation is that soft policy starts discussions on what standards and political measures should be taken in a policy field at the European level, and when states get convinced that these measures could work better than status quo, they agree to charge the Commission with their implementation (Dehousse, 2016). The European Union is now pushing for more ambitious sustainability policies that are planned to make it carbon neutral by 2050 (EU, 2019). The set of measures that will make that goal possible, i.e. the European Green Deal, plan to involve cities through existing soft tools in order to be implemented (EU, 2019; EGCA, 2020a). As European Green Capitals are also called to act as models in the context of the Green Deal (EGCA, 2020a), understanding if and how this soft tool influences urban sustainability policy will reveal to what degree it can contribute to the objective of carbon neutrality in Europe. Sustainability science could also benefit from such an analysis, as the EGCA is a soft tool covering several dimensions that are usually separated (ranking, networking, event-hosting…). A robust assessment of its influence would shed some light on the degree soft tools as a whole may impact on urban sustainability policy, which would help in designing more effective policies in that field. The importance of urban policy for sustainable development as a whole calls for clarifying how multilateral policy tools can meet the needs of cities worldwide to become 9 more sustainable. The European nature of the EGCA makes it an ideal research focus in that sense, and the study that is related in this thesis was meant to be a first step toward an assessment of its impact. Download 0.67 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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