Green Extraction of Carotenoids from Fruit and Vegetable Byproducts: a review
Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
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molecules-27-00518
4. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
The microwave-assisted extraction process (MAE) is based on the phenomenon of ra- diation absorption by particles of the substance, from which biologically active compounds are extracted. The use of microwaves in the extraction process greatly simplifies extracting the active compound. The method is commonly used to extract selected compounds from solids. The process uses the phenomenon of radiation absorption by the substance parti- cles. The technique is economical as it reduces the extraction time and allows less solvent consumption. This is due to the way the heat energy is transferred. Traditional heating by convection or conduction takes much longer than using microwaves. Microwave heating is based on the movement of dipole particles, which produce heat energy through friction. Due to using a non-polar solvent that does not absorb microwave radiation, the sample is heated and releases the heat to the extractant. Unfortunately, increasing the extraction time may contribute to the thermal degradation of carotenoids. In order to increase the efficiency of carotenoid extraction from carrots, they can be subjected to blanching with the addition of ascorbic acid. Studies have shown that the recovery of carotenoids and their antioxidant activity was significantly higher than in the absence of the prior treatment. In addition, the blanching process in an acidic environment contributed to the softening of the raw material structure by the solubilizing pectin, which increased the availability of carotenoids [ 2 ]. Chutia and Mahanta (2021) optimized a method for extracting carotenoids, using olive oil, from passion fruit peels using microwaves by applying 200 W of microwave power, a process duration of 25 min, and a raw-material-to-solvent ratio of 10 g/100 mL. The extraction yielded 1178.54 µg of carotenoids from 100 g of passion fruit peels. Before the extraction process, the raw material was freeze dried and then ground to obtain a homogeneous powder [ 12 ]. Baria et al. (2019) tested microwave-assisted extraction using three types of oils, peanut, sunflower and linseed, for the extraction of carotenoids from mango pulp. The material studied underwent a prior enzymatic treatment, using pectinase and cellulase. In the results obtained, the publication authors point out the low efficiency of the process with the para meters used: 100 W, and times of 2, 4, 6, and 8 min. The low efficiency of the process may be due to the low value of polar groups in the mango pulp, which leads to reduced microwave penetration in the food matrix. In addition, an increase in temperature due to microwave penetration was observed during the experiment, which could further contribute to a decrease in the carotenoid content of the raw material tested [ 26 ]. Elik, Yanik, and Gö ˘gü¸s (2020) investigated the extraction of carotenoids using linseed oil from carrot pomace produced after juice production. The pomace was dried using lyophilization and then ground. By optimizing the method, using the parameters of 165 W, 9.39 min and an oil-to-carrot-pomace ratio of 8.06:1, the percentage of carotenoid recovery was 77.48% [ 29 ]. Sharma et al. (2022) performed MAE extraction using extra virgin olive oil and refined corn oil from sea buckthorn pomace. The pomace was freeze dried, the seeds were manually removed and then milled. The optimized parameters used were 130 W, 30 min, and a sample-to-solvent ratio 1:10. Based on the results, olive oil appeared to be the better solvent. Molecules 2022, 27, 518 8 of 14 The carotenoid extraction was 28.3 mg/100 g of oil extract; in the case of maize oil, the content of extracted carotenoids was 26.91 mg/100 g of oil extract [ 30 ]. Download 0.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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