Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)


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10.2.2 Units— roman 
 
The symbols for units and SI prefixes are roman: 
m
meter

gram
L
liter 
cm centimeter
μg
microgram
mL milliliter 
 
10.2.3 Descriptive terms — roman 
 
Symbols representing purely descriptive terms (for example, the chemical elements) are roman, as 
are symbols representing mathematical constants that never change (for example, π) and symbols 
representing explicitly defined functions or well defined operators (for example, Γ(x) or div): 
Chemical elements: 
Ar
argon
B
boron
C
carbon 
Mathematical constants, functions, and operators: 
e
base of natural logarithms
Σx
i

Σ sum 
of 
exp 
x exp exponential of
log
a
 x log
a
logarithm to the base of 
dx/dt d
1st derivative of
sin x
sin sine of 
Symbols used as subscripts and superscripts are roman if descriptive: 
ir
irrational
E
k
k
kinetic 
)
ir
(
0
ε
m
molar, l liquid phase
μ
B
B
Bohr 
1
m
V
 
10.2.4 Sample equations showing correct type 
 
2
0
2
1
4
r
q
q
F
πε
=
ma
pV = nRT 
φ
B
= x
B
V
*
m,B 
/
E
a
RT
2
d(1n k) / dT 
c
1
λ
−5
/[exp(c
2
λT) − 1] 

A
A
V
x
,
*
m
E = mc
2
)
/
(
lim
~
B
B
0
B
B
λ
λ
p
x
p
p

=
V
Q
grad

=
F
10.3 Greek alphabet in roman and italic type 
 
Table 13 shows the proper form, in both roman and italic type, of the upper-case and lower-case letters of 
the Greek alphabet. 
 
35 


Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) 
 
36 
Table 13. Greek alphabet in roman and italic type 
Greek Letter Name 
Roman 

Italic 
alpha 
Α 
α 
Α 
α 
beta 
Β 
β 
Β 
β 
gamma 
Γ 
γ 
Γ 
γ 
delta 
Δ 
δ 
Δ 
δ 
epsilon 
Ε 
ε 
Ε 
ε 
zeta 
Ζ 
ζ 
Ζ 
ζ 
eta 
Η 
η 
Η 
η 
theta 
Θ, 
Ө
(a)
θ, 
ϑ 
(b)
Θ, 
Ө
(a)
 
θ, 
ϑ 
(b)
 
iota 
Ι 
ι 
Ι i 
kappa 
Κ 
κ, ϰ 
(
β
)
Κ 
κ, 
ϰ
(b)
 
lambda 
Λ 
λ 
Λ 
λ 
mu 
Μ 
μ 
Μ 
μ 
nu 
Ν 
ν 
Ν 
ν 
xi 
Ξ 
ξ 
Ξ 
ξ 
omicron 
Ο 
ο 
Ο 
ο 
pi 
Π 
π, 
ϖ
(b)
Π 
π, 
ϖ
(b)
 
rho 
Ρ 
ρ 
Ρ 
ρ 
sigma 
Σ 
σ 
Σ 
σ 
tau 
Τ 
τ 
Τ 
τ 
upsilon 
Υ 
υ 
Υ 
υ 
phi 
Φ 
ϕ, φ 
Φ 
φ,
φ 
chi 
Χ 
χ 
Χ 
χ 
psi 
Ψ 
ψ 
Ψ 
ψ 
omega 
Ω 
ω 
Ω 
ω 
(
a
)
ISO (see Ref. [4: ISO 31-0]) gives only the first of these two letters. 
(
b
)
ISO (see Ref. [4: ISO 31-0]) gives these two letters in the reverse order. 
10.4 Symbols for the elements 
 
The following two sections give the rules and style conventions for the symbols for the elements. 
 
10.4.1 Typeface and punctuation for element symbols 
Symbols for the elements are normally printed in roman type without regard to the type used in the 
surrounding text (see Sec. 10.2.3). They are not followed by a period unless at the end of a sentence. 
10.4.2 Subscripts and superscripts on element symbols 
 
The nucleon number (mass number) of a nuclide is indicated in the left superscript position:
28
Si.
The number of atoms in a molecule of a particular nuclide is shown in the right subscript 
position:
1
H
2

The proton number (atomic number) is indicated in the left subscript position: 
29
Cu. 
The state of ionization or excitation is indicated in the right superscript position, some examples of 
which are as follows: 


Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) 
State of ionization: Ba
++
Co(NO
2
)
6
− − −.
or
or 
[Co(NO
2
)
6
]
3 −

3
6
2
)
NO
(
Co
Electronic excited state:
Ne
*, CO* 
Nuclear excited state:
15
N* or 
15
N
m
 
10.5 Printing numbers 
 
The following three sections give rules and style conventions related to the printing of numbers. 
10.5.1 Typeface for numbers 
 
Arabic numerals expressing the numerical values of quantities (see Sec. 7.6) are generally printed in 
lightface (that is, regular) roman type irrespective of the type used for the surrounding text. Arabic 
numerals other than numerical values of quantities may be printed in lightface or bold italics, or in bold 
roman type, but lightface roman type is usually preferred. 
10.5.2 Decimal sign or marker 
 
The recommended decimal sign or marker for use in the United States is the dot on the line [3, 6]. 
For numbers less than one, a zero is written before the decimal marker. For example, 0.25 s is the correct 
form, not .25 s. 
 
10.5.3 Grouping digits 
 
Because the comma is widely used as the decimal marker outside the United States, it should not be 
used to separate digits into groups of three. Instead, digits should be separated into groups of three
counting from the decimal marker towards the left and right, by the use of a thin, fixed space. However, 
this practice is not usually followed for numbers having only four digits on either side of the decimal 
marker except when uniformity in a table is desired. 
Examples: 76 483 522
but not:
76,483,522 
43 279.168 29
but not:
43,279.168 29 
8012 or 8 012
but not:
8,012 
0.491 722 3
is highly preferred to:
0.4917223 
0.5947 or 0.594 7
but not:
0.59 47 
8012.5947 or 8 012.594 7
but not:
8 012.5947 or 8012.594 7 
Note: The practice of using a space to group digits is not usually followed in certain specialized 
applications, such as engineering drawings and financial statements. 

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