Harald Heinrichs · Pim Martens Gerd Michelsen · Arnim Wiek Editors
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core text sustainability
3.1 Energy, Development and Poverty
Energy use is very unequally distributed worldwide. North America, Japan and Europe have very high per capita consumptions, while particularly sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia dispose of very low amounts of energy per capita, often below 20 GJ per person per year, which is equivalent to 1.2 l of gasoline per day, much of which is typically consumed in industrial and tertiary sector operations (Fig. 19.3 ). Poverty and the linked problems of poor health, access to marketed goods and services and outlooks for personal progress and better lives are the sad reality for more than three billion people worldwide (GEA 2012 ). For most of them this Please discuss the following questions: • What does the term “energy system” mean and how can sustainability be understood in the context of energy systems? • Why are energy systems so difficult to change? S. Lechtenböhmer and L.J. Nilsson 235 includes a lack of access to modern energy services, which often affects them threefold: • First, it cuts them off from various options for (economic) development. For example, lack of (electric) lighting reduces the chance to use evening hours for learning or productive occupations which could generate additional income. Farmers who have access to electricity and thus refrigeration can better store and process their crops. This can enable them to adding value to their agricultural production. • Second, cooking (and heating) with traditional wood fuels, cow dung or coal is inconvenient as well as a major source of indoor pollution and related respiratory diseases. • Third and adding to the problem, the lack of access to modern energy causes high costs for poor people. The costs per unit of energy service from kerosene in cans or charcoal are often higher than those of “modern” energies. Thus, poor people spend high shares of their income on the purchasing of energy, and in many countries they, women in particular, spend several hours a day only to col- lect fuels. GJ Final energy / Capita Cumulative population (million) 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 100 50 200 150 300 250 North America Pacifc OECD Western Europe Eastern Europe Former Soviet Union Middle East and North Africa Pacifc AsiaLatin America Centrally Planned Asia & China South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Residental / Commercial / Other Industry 52 GJ/cap (World Average) Download 5.3 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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