“ххi асрда илм-фан тарақҚиётининг ривожланиш истиқболлари ва уларда инновацияларнинг тутган ўрни” мавзусидаги республика илмий-online конференцияси материаллари

“ХХI АСРДА ИЛМ-ФАН ТАРАҚҚИЁТИНИНГ РИВОЖЛАНИШ ИСТИҚБОЛЛАРИ ВА УЛАРДА ИННОВАЦИЯЛАРНИНГ 
ТУТГАН ЎРНИ” МАВЗУСИДАГИ РЕСПУБЛИКА ИЛМИЙ-ONLINE КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯСИ МАТЕРИАЛЛАРИ 
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subtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that 
accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers 
often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then 
used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing. 
Misconceptions. A common misconception is that anyone who can speak a second language 
will make a good translator. In the translation community, it is generally accepted that the best 
translations are produced by persons who are translating into their own native languages, as it is 
rare for someone who has learned a second language to have total fluency in that language. A good 
translator understands the source language well, has specific experience in the subject matter of the 
text, and is a good writer in the target language. Moreover, he is not only bilingual but bicultural. 
As with other human activities, the distinction between art and craft may be largely a matter 
of degree. Even a document which appears simple, e.g. a product brochure, requires a certain level 
of linguistic skill that goes beyond mere technical terminology. Any material used for marketing 
purposes reflects on the company that produces the product and the brochure. The best translations 
are obtained through the combined application of good technical-terminology skills and good 
writing skills. 
Interpreting is the facilitation of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously 
or consecutively, between two or among three or more speakers who are not speaking, or signing, 
the same language. The words "interpreting" can be used to refer to this activity. The word 
"interpreting" is commonly used in the profession and in the translation-studies field, to avoid 
confusion with other meanings of the word "interpretation." Not all languages employ, as English 
does, two separate words to denote the activities of written and live-communication translators. 
Even English does not always make the distinction, frequently using "translation" as a synonym for 
"interpreting." 
Machine translation. Machine translation is a procedure whereby a computer program 
analyzes a source text and produces a target text without further human intervention. In reality, 
however, machine translation typically does involve human intervention, in the form of pre-editing 
and post-editing. An exception to that rule might be, e.g., the translation of technical specifications 
(strings of technical terms and adjectives), using a dictionary-based machine-translation system. To 
date, machine translation a major goal of natural-language processing has met with limited success. 
A November 6, 2007, example illustrates the hazards of uncritical reliance on machine translation.
Computer-assisted translation. It is called "computer-aided translation," "machine-aided 
human translation" and "interactive translation," is a form of translation where in a human translator 
creates a target text with the assistance of a computer program. The machine supports a human 
translator. Computer-assisted translation include standard dictionary and grammar software. The 
term refers to a range of specialized programs available to the translator, including translation-
memory, terminology-management, concor-dance, and alignment programs.
Two translators may be translating from the same source text and into the same receptor 
language and yet the results may be very different. There is not one "correct" translation of a given 
text. Reasons for this variation include: 
a). the purpose of the translation b) the translation team itself c) the receptor language 
audience for whom the translation is intended.