Historic designation study report
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- Architects Otto Strack
- Henry Messmer
- Kirchoff and Rose
- Hugh Guthrie
- George Zagel
- Bernard Kolpacki
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Architects
An interesting variety of architects contributed to the design of the buildings in the district. The district’s most outstanding buildings, such as St. Hedwig’s Church and the Pabst and Schlitz Brewery saloons, were designed by leading Milwaukee architectural firms. A number of lesser-known architects also worked in the district including a few Polish designers such as Wiskocil, Leipold and Bernard Kolpacki.
Many of the small, earlier buildings (particularly the working class cottages) were probably designed by builders or were builders’ modifications of published plans. One builder, Edmund Stormowski, displayed considerable skill in his design of St. Hedwig’s rectory. Following are the biographies of some of the district’s designers.
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Otto Strack Otto Strack (1857-1935), who designed the former Pabst Saloon located at 1006 East Brady Street, was one of Milwaukee’s outstanding nineteenth century architects. Some examples of Strack’s work include the Pabst Theater (1895) located at 144 East Wells Street, the Kalvelage Mansion (1895-96) located at 2432 West Kilbourn Avenue, and the William Goodrich residence (1894) located at 2232 North Terrace Avenue (all listed in the National Register of Historic Places).
Strack was born in Roebel in northern Germany where he received his early education in the public schools. His father was a fifth or sixth generation forester and his mother was the daughter of a prominent musician. Strack moved with his family to Wiemar, Germany where he attended high school. After graduation he became a carpenter. Strack later learned the blacksmith and mason trades before enrolling in the building school in Hamburg, Germany. After graduating, he enrolled at the polytechnical schools of Berlin and Vienna, and graduated in the building arts in 1879. Two years later he went to Chicago and began a career as an architect and civil engineer with a large bridge and iron construction contractor.
In 1886 he opened his own architectural office in Chicago, but moved to Milwaukee in 1888 to accept a position as supervising architect of the Pabst Brewing Company. Strack designed and supervised the construction of the brewery’s buildings built in Milwaukee and around the country, including many “corner saloons” such as the one on East Brady Street. Strack left his job with Pabst in 1892 to open his own practice in Milwaukee. In 1895 he designed the National Register listed Pabst Theater located at 144 East Wells Street in the city’s central business district. The theater’s cantilevered balcony was claimed to be one of the first that was self-supporting, thus eliminating the need for view obstructing supporting posts.
In the late 1890s Strack left Milwaukee to work for the George A. Fuller Construction Company in New York City where he helped to design and build many large office buildings. Later in life Strack acknowledged that Milwaukee’s Pabst Theater was his greatest achievement. Strack worked for the construction company until he became ill about a year before he died at the age of 78 on Friday, October 11, 1935.
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Henry Messmer, who designed St. Hedwig’s Roman Catholic church (1886) located at 1704 North Humboldt Avenue and the parish’s parochial school (1890), was born in Switzerland and studied with architects in Europe before coming to Milwaukee in 1867. He was employed as a draftsman for several years before starting his own architectural office. Some fine examples of Messmer’s work include: St. Hyacinth Roman Catholic Church (1882) located at 1414 West Becher Street; St. Casimir’s Roman Catholic Church rectory (1894) located at 2618 North Bremen Street; and SS. Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church (1889) located at 2491 North Murray Avenue. Before the turn of the century, Messmer took his son as a partner and changed the name of the firm to Henry Messmer & Son. Together they designed many commercial buildings and middle-class homes still standing on Milwaukee’s near North and East sides. Messmer’s own brick, Italianate style house still stands at 2302 North Booth Street about a mile and a half northwest of the East Brady Street Historic District. Messmer died on February 20, 1899 at the age of 59. His sons, Robert and Henry, continued the architectural firm many years after their father’s death and retained the name Henry Messmer and Son until about 1910.
Rose designed the former Schlitz Brewery Company saloon located at 1699 North Astor Street. Kirchoff was born in Milwaukee and his father was a carpenter. Kirchoff worked for local architect Henry Messmer before opening his own practice during the early 1880’s. In 1887 Kirchoff formed a partnership with T. Leslie Rose. One of their first major commissions was the Schlitz Palm Garden built in 1888 at 730 North Third Street (razed). Kirchoff and Rose designed many other buildings for the owners of the Schlitz Brewery, the Uihlein family, including saloons at 1531 East Park Place (1800); 2414 South St. Clair Avenue (1897); and 733 East Clark Street (1904), and such fine residential and commercial buildings as the former Second Ward Savings Bank (1912) at 910 North Third Street; the Erwin Uihlein Residence (1913) at 3319 North Lake Drive; the Conrad Trimborn Residence (1920) at 2647 North Wahl Avenue; the Majestic Building (1908) at 231 West Wisconsin Avenue; the Empire Building (1927) at 710 Plankinton Avenue; and the Home Bank Building (1930) at 2300 North Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive.
Hugh Guthrie, who designed the duplex located at 706-708 East Brady Street, is best known for his association with the architectural firm of Leenhouts and Guthrie formed in 1900. The Brady Street duplex built in 1890 is one of Guthrie’s earliest known works. The architectural firm of Cornelius Leenhouts and Hugh Guthrie worked mainly in the period revival styles popular in the early twentieth century. The firm designed many fine residences, churches and apartment buildings including: the Herman Reel Residence (1906) at 2520 North Terrace Avenue; the G. H. Norris Residence (1914) at 2933 North Lake Drive; and the Kenwood Methodist Church (1923) at 2319 East Kenwood Boulevard. The firm was active into the mid-1920’s. Guthrie was born in Ayreshire, Scotland. His father was a manufacturer of agricultural implements in Scotland.
George Zagel was an early twentieth century Milwaukee architect whose busiest years were during the booming 1920s. His firm designed many commercial and apartment buildings and residences in the city including the store/flat building built in 1927 at 1016-1020 East Brady Street. Zagel was adept at handling the Mediterranean and period revival styles popular at that time. Other examples of this firm’s work include the Leo Goldman apartment building (1924) at 3407 North Oakland jschle/word/study reports/ brady street/01/08/01
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Rory Gotfredson Store (1928) at 1531 North Farwell Avenue.
Bernard Kolpacki was a Polish-born architect who designed the duplex located at 1415-1417 East Brady Street. Kolpacki, who was born in 1853, came to America at the age of 17. Nothing is known about his education, but he apparently entered his profession by working under the tutelage of an established architect for several years before starting his own practice. Kolpacki lived in Milwaukee’s large South Side Polish community, and his most important work is concentrated there. Two outstanding examples of his design work include SS. Cyril and Methodius Roman Catholic Church (1893) located at 2433 South Fifteenth Street and St. Vincent DePaul Roman Catholic Church (1900) located at 2114 West Mitchell Street. Kolpacki also designed the Daniel Giworsky store (1891) located near the East Brady Street Historic District at 1728 North Franklin Place. Kolpacki was only 47 when he died unexpectedly at his South Side home on West Becher Street on December 27, 1900. He is buried in St. Adalbert’s Cemetery on the city’s South Side.
Edmund Stormowski was a mason contractor and built the St. Hedwig’s rectory at 1716 North Humboldt Avenue in 1903. Little is know about Stormowski, but he appears to have been a talented individual whose career rapidly progressed from tradesman to contractor to city official. Stormowski, who would have been about 29 when the rectory was built, was appointed Milwaukee’s Superintendent of Sewers in 1912. He held that job with the city until he died on February 26, 1916 at the age of 42.
Summary
In summary, the Brady Street Historic District is architecturally significant for its wide range of building types illustrating a variety of architectural styles popular between 1870 and 1930. It is interesting as an unusual example of a neighborhood commercial center that exhibits its ethnic origins principally in its integration of commercial and residential land uses spatially arrayed around a massive church complex that serves as the focal point of the district.
STAFF RECOMMENDATION
Staff recommends that the Brady Street Historic District be designated as a City of Milwaukee Historic District as a result of its fulfillment of criteria e-1, e-5, e-8, and e-9 of the Historic Preservation Ordinance, Section 308-81(2)(e).
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Preservation Guidelines
The following preservation guidelines represent the principal concerns of the Historic Preservation Commission regarding this historic designation. However, the Commission reserves the right to make final decisions based upon particular design submissions. These guidelines shall be applicable only to the Brady Street Historic District. Nothing in these guidelines shall be construed to prevent ordinary maintenance or restoration and/or replacement of documented original elements.
A. Guidelines for Rehabilitation
The Brady Street Historic District is important because of its concentration of period commercial and residential buildings from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. These guidelines are based upon those contained in Section 2-335(10) of the historic preservation ordinance. These guidelines are not intended to restrict an owner’s use of his/her property, but to serve as a guide for making changes that will be sensitive to the architectural integrity of the structure and appropriate to the overall character of the district.
1.
Roofs
a. Retain the original roof shape. Dormers, skylights and solar collector panels Avoid making changes to the roof shape which would alter the building height, roofline or pitch. This includes parapets, pediments and cornices.
2.
Exterior Finishes
a. Masonry (i)
Unpainted brick or stone should not be painted or covered. Avoid painting or covering natural stone and unpainted brick. This is likely to be historically incorrect and could cause irreversible damage if it was decided to remove the paint at a later date. (ii)
Consider retaining the paint on previously painted Removal of paint could cause irreversible damage to the masonry. If it is decided to remove the paint from masonry surfaces, use the gentlest method possible. Sandblasting or other abrasive cleaning methods are not permitted. (iii)
Repoint defective mortar by duplicating the original in color, style, texture and strength. Avoid using mortar colors and point styles that were unavailable or were not used when the building was constructed. (iv) Clean masonry only when necessary to halt deterioration and with the gentlest method possible. Sandblasting brick or stone surfaces is prohibited. This method of cleaning erodes the surface of the material and accelerates deterioration. Avoid the indiscriminate use of chemical products that could have an adverse reaction with the
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marble. (v)
Repair or replace deteriorated material with new material that duplicates the old as closely as possible. Avoid using new material that is inappropriate or was unavailable when the building was constructed such as artificial cast stone or fake brick veneer.
b. Wood and Metal
(i) Retain original material, whenever possible. Avoid removing architectural features such as clapboards, shingles, cornices, brackets, half-timbering, window architraves and doorway pediments. These are in most cases an essential part of a building’s character and appearance that should be retained. (ii) Repair or replace deteriorated material with new material that duplicates the appearance of the old as closely as possible. Avoid covering architectural features with new materials that are inappropriate or were unavailable when the building was constructed such as artificial stone, brick veneer, asbestos or asphalt shingles, vinyl or aluminum siding or composition panels.
c.
Terra Cotta
(i) Unpainted terra cotta should not be painted or covered. Avoid painting or covering naturally glazed or finished terra cotta. This is historically incorrect and could cause irreversible damage if it was decided to remove the paint at a later date. (ii)
Clean terra cotta only when necessary to halt deterioration and with the gentlest method available. Sandblasting terra cotta is prohibited. This method of cleaning destroys the material. (iii) Repair or replace deteriorated terra with new material that duplicates the old as closely as possible. Pre-cast tinted concrete or cast fiberglass are acceptable replacement materials as long as it is finished with a coating to resemble the original appearance. Avoid using new material that is inappropriate or does not resemble the original.
3.
Windows and Doors
a. Retain existing window and door openings that are visible from the public right-of-way. Retain the original configurations of panes, sash, lintels, keystones, sills, architraves, pediments, hoods, doors, shutters and hardware. Avoid making additional openings or changes in the principal elevations by enlarging or reducing window or door openings to fit new stock window sash or new jschle/word/study reports/ brady street/01/08/01
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door hardware when they can be repaired or reused.
b. Respect the stylistic period or periods a building represents. If replacement of window sash or doors is necessary, the replacement should duplicate the appearance and design of the original window sash or door. Avoid using inappropriate sash and door replacements such as unpainted galvanized aluminum storm and screen window combinations. Avoid the filling in or covering of openings with materials like glass-block or the installation of plastic or metal strip awnings or fake shutters that are not in proportion to the openings or that are historically out of the character with the building. Avoid using modern style window units such as horizontal sliding sash in place of double-hung sash or the substitution of units with glazing configurations not appropriate to the style of the building.
4. Trim and Ornamentation
There shall be no changes to the existing trim or ornamentation except as necessary to restore the building to its original condition. The historic architectural fabric includes all terra cotta ornament; all pressed metal elements including the cornices, pediments and oriels, and all carved and cast stonework. Replacement features shall match the original member in scale, design, color and material.
5. Additions
Make additions that harmonize with the existing building architecturally and are located so as not visible from the public right-of-way, if at all possible. Avoid making additions that are unsympathetic to the original structure and visually intrude upon the principal elevations.
6. Non-Historic Additions/Non-Historic Structures
Alterations to non-historic buildings or portions of buildings shall be made in such a way as to be as sympathetic as possible to the historic building or neighboring buildings. If possible, alterations to these structures should seek to lessen the adverse impact of the non-historic addition or building on the historic components of the structure or district.
Guidelines for Streetscapes
The visual character of the streetscapes in the district is maintained by the general consistency of the blockfaces in terms of height, scale, siting and density. This has resulted in a compact, cohesive building stock with relatively few intrusions that detract from the district’s historic character.
1. Maintain the height, scale, mass and materials established by the buildings in the district and the traditional setback and density of the block jschle/word/study reports/ brady street/01/08/01
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materials, height or scale.
2. Use traditional landscaping, fencing, signage and street lighting that is compatible with the character and period of the district. Avoid introducing landscape features, fencing, street lighting or signage that are inappropriate to the character of the district.
A.
Guidelines for New Construction
It is important that additional new construction be designed so as to harmonize with the character of the district.
1. Siting
New construction must reflect the traditional siting of buildings in the Brady Street Historic District. This includes setback, spacing between buildings, the orientation of openings to the street and neighboring structures.
2. Scale
Overall building height and bulk; the expression of major building divisions including foundation, body and roof; and, individual building components such as porches, overhangs and fenestration must be compatible with the surrounding structures.
3. Form
The massing of new construction must be compatible with the surrounding buildings. The profiles of roofs and building elements that project and recede from the main block must express the same continuity established by the historic structures.
4. Materials
The building materials that are visible from the public right-of-way should be consistent with the colors, textures, proportions, and combinations of cladding materials traditionally used in the Brady Street Historic District. The physical composition of the materials may be different from that of the historic materials, but the same appearance should be maintained.
B.
Guidelines for Demolition
Although demolition is not encouraged and is generally not permissible, there may be instances when demolition may be acceptable, if approved by the Historic Preservation Commission. The Commission shall take the following guidelines, with those found in subsection 9(h) of the ordinance, into consideration when reviewing demolition requests.
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Condition
Demolition requests may be granted when it can be clearly demonstrated that the condition of a building or a portion thereof is such that it constitutes an immediate threat to health and safety.
2.
Importance
Consideration will be given to whether or not the building is of historical or architectural significance or displays a quality of material and craftsmanship that does not exist in other structures in the area.
3.
Location
Consideration will be given to whether or not the building contributes to the neighborhood and the general street appearance and has a positive affect on other buildings in the area.
4.
Potential for Restoration
Consideration will be given to whether or not the building is beyond economically feasible repair.
5. Additions
Consideration will be given to whether or not the proposed demolition is a later addition that is not in keeping with the original design of the structure or does not contribute to its character.
6.
Replacement
Consideration will be given to whether or not the building is to be replaced by a compatible building of similar age, architectural style and scale or by a new building that would fulfill the same aesthetic function in the area as did the old structure (see New Construction Guidelines).
G. Fire Escapes
Additional required fire escapes and circulation towers shall be designed and located so as to minimize their visual impact from the public right-of-way.
H. Signs
The installation of any permanent exterior sign other than those now in existence shall require the approval of the Commission. Approval will be based on the compatibility of the proposed sign with the historic and architectural character of the building.
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