I chapter. Name (the noun) as part of speech

2.2. ANALYSIS OF EXAMPLES OF NON-TRANSLATION IN ARTistic TEXTS

To analyze the features of the translational transformations of the noun, we selected the stories of Edgar Allan Poe: The Golden Beetle. The Russian translation of this story is presented by A. Startsev, and the story “The Black Cat” in the translation of V. Khinkis and the tragedy “Hamlet” by William Shakespeare from the collection William Shakespeare Two Tragedies. M., 1985.

1) This island consists of little else than the sea sand, and is about three miles ago.
This island stretches for three miles and consists of almost one sea sand.
There are several transformations in this example. With regard to the noun, there is a replacement of part of speech. In the English sentence, the noun “sea” is replaced in the Russian sentence by the adjective “sea”.
2) The shrub here often reacheds the height of fifteen or twenty feet, and forms an almost impenetrable coppice, burthening the air with its fragrance.
Its bushes often reach fifteen to twenty feet and form a continuous thicket that fills the air with a heavy fragrance and is almost impassable to humans.
Here we see a grammatical replacement: the noun “scrub” in the English singular sentence, and in the Russian sentence is translated as the plural noun - “bushes”.
3) His chief amusements were gunning and fishing, sauntering along the beach and through the myrtles, in quest of shells or entomological specimens - his collection of the latter might have been envied by a Swammerdamm.
He preferred to hunt and fish or roam along the coastal sand and myrtle thickets in search of shells and insects. His insect collection would be envied by Swammerdamm.
In this example, several transformations at once.
a) the sentence is divided, one English sentence is transformed into two Russian sentences;
b) the noun “amusements” is replaced by the verb “preferred”. The noun “beach” is replaced by the Russian phrase “coastal sand”;
c) concretization takes place: “entomological specimens” - “insects”.
4) Here again he made an anxious examination of the paper; turning it in all directions. He said nothing.
He stared at the paper again, turning it now and then, but kept silence.
Here, along with other transformations, we see the unification of sentences. The translator combines two English sentences into one Russian, uniting them with the union “however”. The noun “examination” is also replaced by the verb “stared”. This verb is characteristic of Russian colloquial speech.
5) “Ah, if I had only known you were here!” said Legrand, "but it is so long since I saw you; and how could I foresee that you would pay me a visit this very night of all others? ”
If I knew you were here! ”Exclaimed Legrand.“ But we have not seen each other for so long. ” How could I have guessed that it was you tonight who would come to us?
The noun “a visit” is replaced by the verb “welcome”, and the translator uses this verb in the meaning of a polite invitation. The English noun “night” is transformed into the Russian noun “evening”. This phenomenon is a striking example of the mismatch of cultural ideas about the parts of the day: among the British and Russians. The fact is that the evening “evening” for the British begins at five or six in the evening, which already at 8 o’clock is replaced by a short night - “night”. Therefore, the translator replaced “very night” with the Russian phrase “tonight,” since Russians have up to 12 hours of evening. But these are different cultural worldviews.
6) I had never seen the good old Negro look so dispirited, and I feared that some serious disaster had befallen my friend.
I had never seen a good old black man so dejected, and I was seized by anxiety: had something happened to my friend?
In this example, we see several transformations at once. First of all, the adjective “good” in the English sentence is replaced by the noun “good”. This word is characteristic of Russian colloquial speech. “Kind” is a very kind person.
7) Jupiter opened the door, and large Newfoundland, belonging to Legrand, rushed in, leaped upon my shoulders, and loaded me with caresses; for I had shown him much attention during previous visits.
Jupiter threw open the door and Legrand's huge Newfoundland burst into the room and greeted me violently, laying its paws on my shoulders; I was friends with him in previous visits.
In this example, we see the following lexical transformation: transliteration - a way of translating the lexical unit of the original by reconstructing its form using the letters of the target language. In this case, Newfoundland is Newfoundland.
In this example, a transformation also takes place - addition: Added a noun "to the room" to clarify where the dog ran into.
8) Here was a long pause. At length the Negro asked: "Is de lef` eye ob de skull pon de same side as de lef` hand ob de skull too? - cause de skull aint not a bit ob a hand at all - nebber mind! "
Jupiter was silent for a long time, then said .- “Left eye s of the skull on the other side as the arm of the skull? But the skull does not have a left hand ... Well, there is no judgment.
Misuse, pronunciation of the words “lef-left; nebber-never "with the prefixes" ob ... de "in the original plays an important communicative role. An attempt to reproduce such an incorrectness in Russian is clearly impossible. Therefore, the translator uses compensation elements.
The English noun “pause” is replaced by the Russian verb “mol-chal”, while the translator adds a proper name - Jupiter. Frequent use of proper names is characteristic of the Russian language.
The noun “length” is replaced by the adverb “later”.
9) Рluto - this was the cat`s name - Was my favorite pet and Playmate. I alone fed him, and He attended me wherever. I Went about the house.
Pluto was the name of the cat - it was my favorite, and I often played with it. I always fed him, and he followed me on his heels when he was at home.
Here the noun “playmate” is (a childhood friend, a partner in games. It is transformed into the verb “played”, and the replacement is accompanied by another transformation - addition. The translator adds the adverbs “often, always” in order to show the reader how the cat was loved.
10) This latter was a remarkable large and beautiful animal, entirely black and sagacious to an astonishing degree. In speaking of his intelligence, my wife, who at heart was not a little tinctured with superstition, made frequent allusion to the an-cient popular notion, which considered all black cats as witches in disguise.
The cat, unusually large, beautiful and completely black, without a single heel, was distinguished by a rare mind. When it came to his quick wits, my wife, alien to superstitions in my heart, often hinted at an old folk sign, according to which all black cats were considered werewolves.
First, we see that the English subject “animal” is in the middle of the sentence, and in the Russian sentence the subject “cat” is at the beginning - the members of the sentence are rearranged.
Such a transformation as concretization is clearly visible: the English noun “animal” is replaced by the Russian noun “cat”, which has a narrower meaning.
The translator also uses a semantic development technique in combination with an addendum designed to emphasize a certain fact, or in other words, to semantically duplicate this combination of “completely black”, “completely black”, and therefore “without a single spot”.
Substitutions take place: the English compound predicate “was tinctured” is replaced by the participle “alien”. The English noun "superstition" of the singular is replaced by the noun of "superstition" - the plural.
In this example, transformations such as rearrangement, substitutions, the reception of semantic development, and two concretizations were used.
In English, one word can be a noun, an adjective, or a verb. In this regard, the era of William Shakespeare is particularly notable. That was the time when a huge number of words were given new grammatical functions. The imagery of Shakespeare’s language is due, inter alia, to the fact that his word is especially easy to pass from one grammatical category to another.
From the noun “night”, Shakespeare forms the participial form “nighted (benighted)”: “Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted color off” (I, 2), which means “thy night-like color”.
In addition, adjectives are often used as nouns, even in the singular: "...’ twas caviare to the general ... "(II, 2) (" ... this play was caviar for the crowd ... ").
In addition to these most common deviations from the fixed order of the location of the minor members of the sentence, we can observe in Shakespeare's text a lot more options for using different parts of speech. So, for example, between the subject and the predicate or between the parts of the analytical verb form, there can be an addition and a circumstance expressed by nouns:
"Young Fortinbras ... hath in the skirts of Norway here and there shark’d up a list of lawless resolutes." (I, 1)
"... and I this morning know where we shall find him most conveniently." (I, 1)
"And I with them the third night kept the watch." (I, 2)
"I shall the affect of this good lesson keep." (I, 3)
“’ Tis in my memory lock’d. ” (I, 3)
"... and you yourself have of your audience were most free and bounteous." (I, 3)
“... and then I prescripts gave her, that she should lock herself from his re-sort ...” (II, 2)
“For I mine eyes will rivet to his face.” (III, 2)
"I your commission will forthwith dispatch." (III, 3)
"Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended." (III, 4)
Thus, the order of the members of the proposal in Shakespeare is quite free.
Relevance. Every year in our country more and more attention is paid to the study of the Russian language. Russian is studied not only in schools and other educational institutions

with the Russian language of instruction, but also in all educational institutions where it is not native. One of the largest groups of words in the Russian language refers to a noun. When studying a noun in national schools where the Russian language is non-native, it should be borne in mind that in Russian the noun has a gender category that is absent in many other languages. When studying the gender category in such schools, it is necessary to develop such a program of work with students in which they could fully acquire knowledge about the gender category. The relevance of this work lies in the need to identify the features of the study of the category of gender in a national school, which could further help in developing a work program for the assimilation of the category of gender in a national school.

Knowledge of the language as a system does not yet provide sufficient speech skills for free communication on it. When teaching the Russian language, it’s completely not enough to talk about grammatical categories, explain the lexical meanings of words, and show how phrases and sentences are built.

Speech training should be mindful

patterns of a foreign language, on the rules for constructing speech, for:
a) skills are developed only in conditions

practical speech activity as a result of repeated repetition; b) skills arise faster and become more durable if training

in the development of skills relies on an awareness of the laws of a process.

The proposed system of exercises for working on the grammatical category of the gender of nouns gives effective results in developing the skills and abilities of students in the definition and proper use of categories of the gender of nouns, if it includes exercises: a) forming the skills of listening and using in speech nouns of different gender; b) the forming skills of using the gender of the noun based on the study of various topics of the Russian language; c) aimed at developing matching skills in the genus with the study of the relationship of morphology and the propaedeutic course of syntax; d) providing for the formation of skills situationally directed use of the gender of the noun.

A set of exercises aimed at correctly determining the gender of nouns and developing skills for matching words in gender in the Russian language of school students should take into account psychological and

linguistic features of the assimilation of the grammatical category of the genus, as well as the grammatical material studied in these classes.

Grouping exercises in accordance

with didactic rules - from known to unknown, from simple to complex. When performing exercises, it is planned to develop skills in determining the gender of nouns and matching words in gender and skills in using them in coherent speech. The most effective from the point of view of developing skills in determining the gender of nouns and matching words in gender were analytical, constructive and creative exercises in combination with situational exercises, taking into account the moderate correlation of theory and practice.