I. Introduction II. Main part: The philosophy of positivism

The philosophy of positivism largely determined the character of George Eliot's work; in her novels (Mill on Flosse, Adam Weed), realistic depictions of life are very often replaced by petty copying of reality, an increased interest in the problems of heredity and biological phenomena. The heroes of her books are ordinary people; the writer sympathizes with them and closely follows the vicissitudes of their difficult and complex life. But Eliot's novels lead the reader away from the correct resolution of social issues and social conflicts. The preaching of peaceful evolution, class peace, is heard in the works of Eliot.
E. Trollope, a writer who made the glorification of all the ordinary, peaceful everyday life of bourgeois well-being, stood on the same positions.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a detective, or so-called "sensational" novel, a favorite genre of entertaining bourgeois literature, became widespread in England. Representatives of this type of literature, Collins and Reed distracted the reader from reality, turning to the description of the unusual, scary and spectacular.
Bourgeois writers served the interests of their class, not only by amusing, entertaining, and flattering; many of them outspokenly praised the military aggression and colonial conquest of the British Empire. Alfred Tennyson, who once celebrated medieval chivalry, now glorified Victorian "prosperous" England.
However, even in these difficult conditions, the best traditions and principles of the art of critical realism continue to develop in the work of the greatest English writer Charles Dickens.
Realistic elements are present in the patterns of creation of all periods. Realism (Latin realis - material) - requires a realistic depiction of the reality of life, the authenticity of details and images. Commitment to the truth of life is its main motto. Realists paid special attention to the vitality of images and events. The language of the work, the protagonist's speech, the plot, the element of conflict are all subject to the requirement of authenticity. This method is to tell the truth about the reality and people around the creator, to reveal the truth about reality and man by embodying real life and real people in the eyes of the reader. Allows you to specify. The services of the great representatives of realistic literature as fighters for truth are incomparable.
There is no clear idea in science as to when realism first appeared. Many researchers trace the roots of realism back to very ancient times. They also observe elements of realism in primitive man’s rock paintings and examples of ancient literature. However, the formation of realism as an artistic system is associated with the Renaissance. It is at this time that attention is paid to man, his heart, his experiences, his natural feelings are exaggerated, and his experiences are given a poetic spirit. Shakespeare can be seen to have a peculiar expression of realism in the works of Cervantes.The second stage in the development of realism corresponds to the Enlightenment period. In the XVIII century the English realist novel appeared (D. Defoe founded this genre with the novel "Robinson Crusoe"). Enlightenment realism, which highly valued the human mind and its capabilities, evaluated life events and human behavior on the basis of whether or not they were rational. When we say irrational behavior, we mean all backward traditions, outdated procedures. That is why the positive heroes of your enlightenment are distinguished by their sharp minds, while the negative ones are backward, ignorant people. Enlightenment realism allows for conditionality, using fantastic elements. (Examples are Defoe, Swift's heroes, or Goethe's "Faust."It is difficult to draw a sharp line between realism and romanticism in eighteenth-century literature. For example, in the works of the French writer Prosper Me rime, the protagonists, although the subject is typical of romantic works, the objectivity in the style of factual accuracy brings it closer to realism. In English literature, Charles Dickens ’works continue the tradition of domestic novels, addressing life scenes, images of living people, while the use of elements such as adventurous places, crime, mystery is reminiscent of works created in a romantic method.
In the 19th century, realism began a new phase. In Russian literature, writers such as Flaubert, Mopassan, Leo Tolstoy, and A. P. Chekhov demonstrated features that differed from renaissance and Enlightenment realism. In the novel "Mrs. Bovary" by the French writer Flaubert, there is a sharp break from the traditions of realism, which clearly demonstrates the commitment to the realities of life inherent in realism. Now the focus is on the relationship of man with social life, the social environment, the influence of procedures on his destiny. At the same time, special attention is paid to the analysis of the human psyche, the heart.In Russian literature, N.V. The systemic regimes discovered by Gogol, the heart of the "little man" shattered by the influence of the social environment, the experiences of which became the leading theme in the work of FM Dostoevsky, Anton Chekhov. Dostoevsky's seemingly unconventional works reveal the most complex, mysterious landscapes of the human heart, the roots of which have not yet been written.
In the early twentieth century, the Russian writer Mikhail Sholokhov, in Uzbek literature Cholpon, Kadyri created immortal examples of this method. Realism rose to a new level in the works of American writer Ernest Hemingway and English writer Somerset Maugham, and later the works of Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov, Russian writers M. Shukshin and V. Rasputin demonstrated the possibilities of this method. Realism has undergone a long period of development, and, as noted above, its elements, although their various forms have been observed at all stages of the history of literature, have shown their full potential as a complete method. It dates back to the twentieth century. Writers of the twentieth century, such as the English writer S. Moem, the American E. Hemingway, the Latin American writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez, were the most prominent of this movement, who made a great contribution to its development and at the same time enriched it with great discoveries. are unique creators who do not repeat the latter.
William Somerset Maugham is a great English writer with the honorary title of a classic writer of the twentieth century. He lived a long and meaningful life. The writer, who began his career at the end of the 19th century, ended it after World War II. During his more than half-century career, he created immortal works. Oscar Wilde was still alive when he first entered the field of literature, Kipling reached the pinnacle of fame, and writers such as Gerbet Wells and Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy and Arnold Bennett were well known. A new wave entered the literature when Moem was now beginning to be recognized by the readership. They were artists like James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, David Herbert Lawrence, who were bold ‘experimenters’, looking for new ways. In the intense socio-political liaison of the 1930s, Moem’s work, free from socio-class conflict, seemed unique and humble. Moem was frightened by the changes in society. Criticism saw this as the cause of the hidden sadness, depression, and dissatisfaction in his works. Although Moem relied heavily on realistic principles in his work, the influence of naturalism and modernism was felt in his works.Somerset Moem He was born in 1874 in Paris, France. His father was a lawyer and served in the British Embassy in France. In the Moem family, jurisprudence was the father’s hereditary profession. His grandfather was one of the founders of the Bar Association in England. Moem's father also chose the profession of legal counsel. He also loved to travel, to travel the world. As a result of his travels, he had created a wonderful library. But he died early in life. Moem was 10 years old when he divorced his father, and his mother died two years ago. He is adopted by his priestly uncle, and thus the young Moem returns to England. He attended elementary school in Canterbury for three years and then was sent to the south of France due to lung disease.Moem returns to England at 18 years old. Further education and career choice had to be addressed. His uncle wanted young Moem to be a priest. But Moem strongly opposes this, Moem also rejects an offer to enter the University of Cambridge and chooses the medical profession. He received his medical education at St. Thomas Hospital in London. Moem wanted to see real life, so he decided to work in Lambert, a poor neighborhood in London. His three years of experience played a major role in shaping him not only as a physician but also as a writer. Later, in his work "Concluding", he noted that this period was a great school for the study of the human heart and psyche. Moem is fascinated by the unveiled original image of man, which is why in his works there are many heroes who choose to live as they please.Moemn's first novel, Lisa of Lambert, was written in 1897 in the tradition of naturalism. This novel is about the fate of an ordinary woman who is deprived of the right to love because of the ignorant people around her.The play Lady Frederick, written in 1907, brought Moem great fame. In fact, it was a purely commercial, entertaining comedy.In 1915, one of Moem’s best novels, The Burden of Human Passions, was published. This work is written in the way of realism and, in a sense, has an autobiographical character.
When World War I broke out, Moem was called to the auto-sanitary unit and served in France. Then for a year; He works in the intelligence department in Switzerland. He even went to St. Petersburg in 1917 on a secret mission by British intelligence. Although he did not fulfill the task entrusted to him here, he does not regret that he had been in the country where his favorite writers Tolstoy, Dosloyevsky, and Chekhov had given up.
At the end of the war he was treated at a tuberculosis hospital in Scotland. When he was released from the hospital, the war was over.
Moem had inherited a passion for travel from his late father. He travels to many parts of the world. He describes the things he knows and sees in his works. His heroes can be found sometimes in European and American countries, sometimes in the Pacific islands, sometimes in small port cities. As the writer travels the world, his focus is on man.Moem's formation as a writer was not easy. He considered himself an amateur writer. Nevertheless, he was a creative man who was able to reach the peak of his fame while he was still alive. His books sold out very quickly, bringing great benefits to publishers. He achieved this with his talent and hard work. French writers Zolia, Stendhal, Balzac, A.Frans, especially Mopassan, were influenced. Philosophy was well versed in medicine. J. Swift from England loved prose. Criticism points to a lack of lyricism in Moem’s works. The writer himself acknowledged this, but did not consider it a shortcoming. “As a prose writer,” he writes, “I am one of the few storytellers who have survived to the present day by the fire in the cave during the Neolithic period. If I have something to tell, I can tell a very interesting story. I have no other goal. ”We see the same method in Moem's famous novel, The Moon and the Yellow Baby, written in 1919. The protagonist, Charles Strickland, is a man of very strange nature. He renounces all the blessings of life in the way of art. His family leaves his well-to-do job and goes to Tahiti, devoting himself entirely to the arts. The path of art that Strickland chose was not an easy one, no matter how many material and spiritual shocks he had to endure, to overcome his sense of lust. Because he needed money to live. No one understands or buys the pictures he draws while he is alive. He is a very energetic man, both physically and mentally. Strickland is not at all interested in what others think of him, the benefits his art brings, the fame, the material side of life. He can defend his talent. The important thing for him is to create, to express his heart with a brush. He is an artist in the destiny of someone and not for some reason, he creates because he is written. But at the same time, it forgets what surrounds this art devotee. He doesn’t think that art can’t exist without people either. The fate of Strickland ends tragically. He died of a serious illness in Tahiti. Strickland lived only in dreams, in a sense he achieved the freedom of creation he wanted, but the freedom he achieved was transient. He had only attained spiritual freedom, which he felt in a state of inspiration. But it cannot escape the tragic end of reality.Moem is the author of such novels as "Mrs. Craddock" (1900), "Sernaqsh coating", "Pie and beer" (1930), "Corner" (1932), "Theater" (1937), "Christmas Holidays" (1939). At the heart of these works are sharp dramatic contradictions
Moem’s talent is evident in the story genre. His stories usually have a very interesting plot, the reader's attention is not distracted by a sigh, and the solution turns out to be absolutely unexpected. He is able to combine a sharp plot with psychologism Moem emphasizes in his stories as a realist that he strives to make everything fit for life. As he puts it, he avoids fiction, fiction. Yet in his stories man is discovered in an unexpected way, his unexpected aspects are revealed. Many collections of Moem’s stories have been published. Among them, "Leaf Tremor" (1921), "Causarina" (1926), "From the language of the first person" (1931), "Toys of Destiny" (1947) were especially famous. Life events are unexpected, human behavior can be puzzling. The life of the protagonist of the story "Something human" rich and beautiful Betty is a proof of this idea. She loves art and literature. An extremely intelligent woman. Nature rewards him with high taste.But there are also darker aspects of this woman's life that are hidden from others. She marries someone she doesn’t love for wealth, then divorces that man, leading to a tragic end to her unhappy life. The servant enters into a romantic relationship with the driver. At the same time, it can cover it up. Interestingly, he rejects her marriage proposal knowing that the Kerazers, who love her for a beat, are worthy of her in terms of knowledge and rank. Betty is not ashamed of the low side of her life, she considers herself happy because she lives as much as she wants. The situation in the Jane story is also unexpected. Mrs. Fowler, who is extremely poor and not young, suddenly marries a man 26 years younger than her. The guy who marries her has no selfish intentions. She really loves Jane More interestingly, after a while, Jane, who has gained a lot of attention in the cyborg society, divorces her husband Gilbert and marries another good man. This phenomenon, which at first glance seems strange, is told in a very natural way. Young enough the most important quality of Jane, who is not beautiful either, is her simplicity and innocence of heart. He does not try to look different, but he charms others with it. Man can also rise to great heights and go down extremely low. Because no matter how high he flies spiritually, he is a man of the earth and he is no stranger to earthly worries. However, the writer admires the heroes who were able to reach more spiritual heights, overcoming the needs of the body. His stories “Sanatorium” and “Disobedience” are noteworthy in this respect. He falls in love with the protagonist of the story "Sanatorium", who was sentenced to death due to illness. His love helps him overcome his fear of death.
Annette, the protagonist of the story “Disobedience,” doesn’t want to succumb to the situation she’s fallen into. The events take place during the war. Annette, disgraced by a German soldier, finds herself in a difficult situation. But German Gans suddenly falls in love with Annette. She wants to marry him and father a child. The girl could use it because in her case it was the most convenient way. The parents also call their daughter to justice because Gans wanted to provide them with gifts, on top of which he wanted to save his daughter from embarrassment. But there is more to Annette than that. He does not want to submit to the invader who has trampled on his homeland. He was alone in the fight at the time. Annet decides not to give up, commits a crime - strangles her when the child is born. A terrible crime. But Annette didn’t go against her heart, it was her spiritual victory. Somerset Maugham died in 1965.
The great American writer Ernest Hemingway became a legend at the height of his life. During this journey, rich in adventures, triumphs and defeats, love and separation, this wonderful person has created immortal creations. Literature, artistic creation formed the content of his life.
Hemingway was born July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Chicago. Her mother, Grace Hall, was an opera singer. When she met Clarence Edmons, a physician and athlete, Grace left the opera and married her. Ernest was the eldest of six children in the family.
The future writer began his career very early. His stories and poems were published in school newspapers when he was still at Oak Park School.
After graduating from high school in 1917, Hemingway wanted to enlist in the army, taking part in the First World War. However, he was not drafted into the army due to an eye injury. For this reason, from 1917 to 1918 he worked as a correspondent for the Kansas newspaper Star. Six months later he enlisted in the European Army as a volunteer, serving as the driver of the Red Cross American Squadron on the Italian-Austrian front. In 1918 he was wounded in the leg, in which case the wounded Italian soldier was taken off the battlefield. He was twice awarded the Italian Order for his bravery in battle. While in hospital, he falls in love with an American nurse (a love story that led to the publication of “Goodbye, Weapon!” Ten years later). When he returns to Oak Park, for Hemingway, a rhythmic quiet life in Chicago seems boring, and he gets a job as a Chicago magazine editor. Here he meets Sherwood Anderson, a famous writer and guide to many great American artists. Anderson advises him to go to Paris. Paris was the center of art, literature and spirituality. China was a source of inspiration for France to be creative. Following the advice of Hemingway Anderson, he traveled to Europe in 1921. In the same year he married Hadley Richardson.While living in France, Hemingway traveled extensively. He met American writers Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, and Scott Fisgerald, who lived in Paris. Hemingway dived into inspiration. it can happen on its own. ” Hemingway's first book was published in 1923 under the title Three Stories and Ten Poems, and later a collection of short stories, In Our Days. This collection is a testament to Hemingway’s unique style, which has found its protagonist
In 1926 Sh. One of Anderson's novels is parodied with Spring Rain, a novel by Charles Scribnes. In October 1926, Hemingway completed his novel The Sun Will Rise Anyway. The work brings great fame to the writer, who recognizes Hemingway as a young and promising artist.
The novel reflects the spirit and mood of the lost generation after the war. Its protagonists are people in a whirlpool of despair after the First World War, mentally disabled as a result of the war. It is no coincidence that the events of the novel are told in the language of Jake Brans, who is crippled in both heart and body. Deprived of the spiritual foundations of their lives, these people see the meaning of life as entertainment, fishing, bullfighting, drinking, and love. When the protagonists of the work published a real-life novel, Hemingway's friends recognized many of the protagonists in it, as well as the writer himself. This was also one of the factors that ensured the fame of the work.In 1927, Hemingway fell in love with Polina Pfeyorfer and married her after divorcing his first wife.
In 1927, his collection Men Without Women was published. After that, Hemingway returned to America, landed in Florida, and wrote his second novel, "Goodbye, Guns!" completes This novel further enhances the writer’s fame. Criticism praises the novel, making it one of the author's best works. The theme of the novel is war and love. The beautiful and tragic love of an American officer serving in the Italian army for an English nurse finds a unique interpretation in Hemingway. The theme of love is expressed not in a quiet, romantic, poetic dress, but in a way that is calm, objective, indifferent on the outside, but deeply emotional on the inside.