I. Introduction II. Main part: The philosophy of positivism

TOPIC: Critical realism in English literature of the XIX
PLAN:

1. 
   I.Introduction
   
2. 
   II.MAIN PART:
   
3. 
   1.The philosophy of positivism
   
4. 
   2.Hemingway `s life and literary work in the 1930 s
   
5. 
   3.Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift`s are the founder of the early realistic novelists
   
6. 
   III.CONCLUSION
   
7. 
   LIST OF USED LITERATURE
   

Introduction

The heyday of English critical realism dates back to the 1930s and 1940s. During this period, such remarkable writers-realists as Dickens and Thackeray, Bronte and Gaskell, and the Chartist poets Jones and Linton appeared. The 30s-40s in the history of England were a period of intense social and ideological struggle, the period of the Chartists' appearance on the historical arena.

At the end of the 18th century, an industrial revolution took place in England, which was a powerful impetus for the development of capitalism in the country. From this time the rapid growth of British industry began, and with it the British proletariat. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Engels wrote that England in the 1830s and 1840s was a classical country of the proletariat.
At the same time, 19th century England was a classical country of capitalism. Already at the beginning of the 1930s, it entered a new stage in its historical development, marked by an exacerbation of the contradictions between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Bourgeois reforms (the law on the poor - in 1834, the abolition of the grain laws - in 1849) contributed to the development of British industry. During this period, England occupies a strong position in the international arena. Its colonies and markets are expanding. However, the colonial-national contradictions are exacerbated no less than the class ones.
In the mid-1930s, the rise of the labor movement began in the country. The performance of the Chartists testified to the extreme tension of the social struggle.
"From this moment on, the class struggle, both practical and theoretical, takes on ever more pronounced and threatening forms."
During the 1930s and 1950s, the ideological struggle in England also intensified. Bourgeois ideologists - Bentham, Malthus and others - came out in defense of the bourgeois system. Bourgeois theoreticians and historians (Mill, Macaulay) praised capitalist civilization and sought to prove the inviolability of the existing order. Protective tendencies were also vividly expressed in the works of bourgeois writers (the novels of Bulwer and Disraeli, and somewhat later, the works of Reed and Collins).
All the more important and widespread public and political resonance was the performance of a remarkable galaxy of British critical realists. Their work developed in an atmosphere of intense ideological struggle. Opposing bourgeois apologetic literature, Dickens and Thackeray, from the very first years of their work, defended deeply truthful and socially significant art. Continuing the best traditions of realistic literature of the past, and primarily the writers of the 18th century - Swift, Fielding and Smollet, Dickens and Thackeray asserted democratic principles in art. In their work, the English realists comprehensively reflected the life of their contemporary society. They made the object of their criticism and ridicule not only representatives of the bourgeois-aristocratic environment, but also the system of laws and orders that were established by the powers that be for their own interests and benefits. In their novels, realist writers pose problems of great social significance, come to such generalizations and conclusions that directly lead the reader to the idea of ​​the inhumanity and injustice of the existing social system. The British realists turned to the main conflict of their modern era - the conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. In Dickens's novel "Hard Times", in "Shirley" Brontë and "Mary Barton" by Gaskell, the problem of the relationship between capitalists and workers is posed. The works of English realist writers have a pronounced anti-bourgeois orientation.