I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- VOL. XIII. d d 402 JAIPUR CITY
39 6
of its area has been alienated in grants to nobles, ministers, priests, or courtiers, thus leaving only two-fifths as khalsa or State lands proper. The alienated lands may be divided into those granted by the chief to members of his own family, on tenures of the nature of apanages, the holders performing no service, but paying quit-rent; those acquired by the ancestors of the present holders, such as S ikar
and
K hetri
, who pay tribute varying from one-fourth to one-twentieth of their revenue to the Darbar; those granted on the ordinary
tenure, for which no rent is paid but service is rendered ; and those granted to temples, civil and military officers, court favourites, &c. The last are known as
and are held rent-free and without any obligations as to service. In the
khalsa area several systems prevail. In some cases the land is leased either to the actual cultivator, or to a contractor for a specified term, and the land revenue is paid in cash in four instalments during the year. In places where no such lease is given, the cultivator pays land revenue in kind, and the amount varies according to his caste or tribe and the nature and capabilities of the soil. Muhammadans and the lower castes of Hindus pay the highest rate : Brahmans the lowest. The cultivators are mere tenants-at-will; they have 110 heredi tary rights in the land, but the right of cultivation descends from father to son, and is recognized by the State ; it cannot, however, be trans ferred without the sanction of the Darbar. When land revenue is payable in kind, the share taken by the State varies from one-fifth to one-half of the produce ; in the case of cash payments, the average rate per acre on ‘dry’ land is about Rs. 2 (maximum Rs. 4 and minimum 12 annas), and on ‘wet’ land about Rs. 5 (maximum Rs. ri and minimum Rs. 1-12 o). The opium produced in the State is insufficient for local require ments, the average area under poppy cultivation being about 4 square miles, and the drug is imported, generally from Kotah, Malwa, and the Xlmbahera district of Tonk. The import and export duties are respec tively Rs. 150 and Rs. 35 per maund, the revenue from these sources averaging about Rs. 2,000. Under rules issued in 1902 110 opium can be imported or exported without a permit from the Darbar, while opium in transit is liable to be seized if not covered by a pass. No salt is manufactured in the State save by the British Government at S
, nor is there any tax of any kind on this commodity. Under the treaty of 1869 and the agreement of 1879 ^ ie Darbar receives approximately a sum of 7-5 lakhs a year, including royalty on excess sales, as well as 7,000 maunds of salt free of all charges. The Public Works department has, since i860, been under a British officer lent by the Government of India, and it takes rank with any similar institution in British India. In addition to roads and buildings,
A DM INIS THA TI ON 397 the department looks after the gas and water-works, the conservancy tramway, the cotton-presses, and the public gardens at the capital, and the numerous irrigation works in the districts. The sum available for expenditure averages about 7 lakhs a year, and the fact that between 1868 and 1901 more than 234 lakhs was spent through the department testifies to the wise and generous policy of the late and the present Maharajas. The military force consists of about 5,000 infantry divided into eight regiments, 5,000 Nagas (irregular infantry), 700 cavalry, 860 artillery men, and 100 camel
There are 60 old-fashioned guns of small calibre, and 50
or small camel-guns. Besides these forces, the
keep up 5,782 horsemen who serve the Parbar. The State further maintains an Imperial Service transport corps. The raising of this corps commenced in 1889-90, and it was at full .strength (1,000 ponies with two trained men to every three animals, and 400 carts) in 1893-4. The cost of raising and maintaining up to that year was nearly 7 lakhs ; and the annual cost of maintenance in future was estimated at 2-1 lakhs. The corps accompanied the Chitral Relief force in 1895, leaving Jaipur within forty-eight hours of receipt of orders, and did well. In 1896 the Maharaja added 200 ponies. In 1897-8 the corps served throughout the Tlrah campaign, and its services were warmly appreciated. The present strength is 1,200 ponies, 558 folding iron carts, 16 ambulance tongas, and 722 officers, non-commissioned officers, and men ; and the annual cost is 2-5 lakhs. The entire military expenditure of the State is about 10 lakhs. A small detachment from the 42nd (Deoli) Regiment is quartered at the Jaipur Residency for escort and guard duty, while at Sambhar are 3 non commissioned officers and 18 men of the 44th Merwara Infantry guarding the Salt department treasury. There are 117 members of the 2nd Battalion Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway Volunteer Rifles in the State : namely, 82 at Bandikui, 28 at l'halera, and 7 at the capital. The police may be divided into two bodies: namely, the city police under the Faujddr, with a strength of 855 constables and chaukldars, and the district police under a Superintendent. The latter force con sists of 11 deputy-superintendents, 160
582 constables, and 11,058
The combined forces cost about 2-4 lakhs a year. The principal criminal tribes are the Minas (who number 241,000) and the Baoris (1,177). 1 'he latter give little trouble, but the former have for a long time been a thorn in the side of the State. As already mentioned, there are two kinds of Minas, namely zamlnddrs (cultivators) and
(watchmen), but the)' are difficult to distinguish. Some are honest
while others hold land as a screen behind which they can pursue avocations of another kind. Again, there arc Minas
39 s JAIPUR STATE who serve as useful watchmen ; and there are those who use their opportunities as such to steal the cattle of their own village, passing the animals on to confederates, and who then proceed to make money out of the real owners by arranging for the restoration of the stolen pro perty. The Darbâr has since 1897 taken up the question of settling down the Minàs, and is trying to reclaim them. Up to 1889 the only jail was at the capital; it had accommodation for about 370 prisoners, and was always overcrowded. The construc tion of an additional jail was started in 1887, and the building was completed and occupied by 1889. These two institutions, known respectively as the Central and the District jails, now have accommoda tion for 1,144 prisoners (1,034 males and no females). In 1904 the daily average number of prisoners was 961, and there was overcrowding in the Central jail, where all females are confined. Jail products include woollen carpets, which are famous and command a ready sale, cotton rugs, and dusters. Besides these prisons, small lock-ups are maintained in the districts, regarding which no particulars are available. In respect of the literacy of its population Jaipur stands fourteenth among the twenty States and chiefships of Râjputâna, with only 2-52 per cent. (4-7 males and o-i females) able to read and write, according to the Census of 1901, yet in the number of educational institutions, the excellence of some of them, and the successes obtained at public examinations the State undoubtedly takes the lead. The number of pupils under instruction rose from 10,772 at the end of 1880-1 to 20,277 ' n 1890-1, but fell, in consequence of the famine of 1899-1900 and the sickness which followed it, to 16,010 in 1900—1, and has risen again to 23,952 by the end of 1904. In the year last mentioned, 10-9 per cent, of the male, 0-4 of the female, and 6 per cent, of the entire population of school-going age were under instruc tion. In 1904 there were 753 educational institutions in the State: namely, 151 public and 602 private. Of the former 77 are maintained by the Darbâr, and 74 are under private management, though more or less under the supervision of the department: namely, 18 maintained by
12 by the Jain community, 10 by the United Free Church of Scotland Mission, and 34 by bankers or private individuals. The public institutions consist of 3 colleges (noticed in the - article on J aipur
C ity
), and 25 secondary (of which 9 are Anglo-vernacular), 118 primary, and 5 special schools. The private institutions are of the indigenous variety (chatsâls and
maktabs) conducted on primitive lines ; 74 of them are classed as advanced and 528 as elementary. Of the 23,952 pupils under instruction in 1904, 1,742 were studying English (71 in the collegiate stage, 95 in the high school, 166 in the middle school, and 1,410 in the primary stage); 21,761 were studying the JAIPUR CITY 399 vernaculars, including Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian (139 in the col legiate stage, 86 in the middle school, and 21,536 in the primary stage); and 449 were attending the special schools, namely the School of Arts, the painting school, and the carpet-weaving schools, all at the capital. Of the total number under instruction at the end of 1904, 78 per cent, were Hindus, about 9 per cent. Muhammadans, and 12 per cent. Jains. There are eleven girls’ schools in the State: namely, nine at the capital, one at Amber, and one at Sambhar; they were attended in 1904 by 797 girls. Education is provided free throughout the State, no fees being charged anywhere; and the total expenditure from all sources in 1904 was 1-3 lakhs, of which the Darbar contributed nearly 69 per cent, and the various
about 10 per cent. Including the small hospitals attached to the jails and the lunatic asylum, the State possesses 29 hospitals and dispensaries, which have accommodation for about 350 in-patients. Of these institutions, seven are maintained by jdgirddrs and the rest by the Darbar. In 1904 the number of cases treated was 209,041, of whom 3,937 were in patients, and 10,808 operations were performed. The total ex penditure was Rs. 66,700, excluding cost of supervision, buildings, repairs, and the like. All these institutions are supervised by the Residency Surgeon, who is also in charge of the small Residency hos pital maintained by the British Government. In addition, hospitals at Bandikui and Phalera are kept up by the Rajputana-Malwa Railway, and the Salt department has a hospital at Sambhar. The lunatic asylum is in good repair, and the inmates are well cared for and properly controlled; 110 insane persons were treated in 1904, the daily average being 74. Vaccination is nominally compulsory everywhere, but is especially backward in some of the
estates. In 1904-5 a staff of 47 vac cinators under 2 native superintendents and the Residency Surgeon successfully vaccinated 79,000 persons, or about 30 per 1,000 of the population. [J. C. Brooke, Political History of the State of Jeypore (1868); Raj put an a Gazetteer , vol. ii (1879, under revision); T. H. Hendley, Handbook of the Jeypore Courts at the London Indo-Colonial Exhibition (1886), and Medico-topographical Account of Jeypore (1895) ; Jaipur Census Report for 1901 (Lucknow, 1903).] Jaipur City (or Jainagar). Capital ot the State of Jaipur in Rajputana, and also head-quarters of the Sawai Jaipur nizdmat , situated in 26° 55' N. and 75 0 50' E., on the Rajputana-Malwa Railway and the Agra-Ajmer trunk road, being by rail 84 miles north-east of Ajmer, 150 miles west of Agra, 191 miles south-west of Delhi, and 699 miles north-east of Bombay. Jaipur is the largest city in Rajputana, its area
400 JAIPUR C / P ) including suburbs, being 3 square miles. Its population at the three enumerations was: (1881) 142,578,(1891) 158,787, and (1901) 160,167. The small increase during the last decade of less than one per cent, occurred entirely in the suburbs, the population of the city proper being less by 330 than in 1891. The latter circumstance was largely due to the year 1900 having been a very unhealthy one ; 13,874 deaths occurred within the city walls, or a rate of nearly 105 per 1,000, com pared with an average for twenty-six years of about 45 per 1,000. Cholera prevailed almost incessantly till September, and a severe outbreak of malarial fever immediately followed. Hindus number 110,601, or 69 per cent, of the total: Musalmans, 40,386, or 25 per cent. ; and Jains, 8,726, or 5 per cent. The city takes its name from the famous Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, by whom it was founded in 1728. It stands on a small plain con jectured to be the bed of a dried-up lake, and is surrounded on all sides except the south by rugged hills, the summits of which arc crowned with forts at all important points. At the end of the ridge, about 500 feet above the city on the north-west, is the chief defensive work, the Nahargarh or ‘ tiger fort,’ the rock face of which is so scarped as to be inaccessible on the south or city side, while on the north the ridge slopes towards A mber
. A masonry crenelated wall, averaging in height 20 feet and in thickness 9 feet, encloses the whole city. In the wall are seven gateways, all built on the same pattern, with two kiosks above and machicoulis over the entrance, and at intervals are bastions and towers pierced for cannon, while the parapet is loopholed for musketry. The city is remarkable for the regularity and width of its streets. Tod described it as being as regular as Darmstadt and the only city in India built upon a regular plan. It is laid out in rectangular blocks, and divided by cross streets into six equal portions, which are in turn intersected at regular intervals by narrower alleys. The main streets are 111 feet in width, the secondary ones 55, and the smaller 27^ feet. The Maharaja’s palace forms an imposing pile in the centre, occupying with its pleasure-grounds about one-seventh of the city area. To the north of the palace is the Tal Katora tank, enclosed by a masonry wall, and beyond it again is the Raja Mal-ka- talao, about 100 acres in area and stocked with crocodiles. One of the most interesting antiquities of the State is the observatory (jantra) erected by Sawai Jai Singh. The instruments, consisting of dials, azimuth circles, altitude pillars, &c., are of huge size, and have recently been put in order under the supervision of an officer lent to the Darbar by the British Government. The main streets, the large public institutions, the palace, and some private residences are lighted with gas at a cost of about Rs. 28,000 u year. Since 1874 good drinking-water has been brought into the JAIPUR CITY 401
city from the Aman-i-Shah river, about i-| miles west of the Chand Pol gate. Pumping engines raise the water to a height of 109 feet, where it is stored in covered reservoirs and thence delivered in the city in iron pipes under 50 feet pressure. The daily average con sumption in 1904 was 497,000 gallons, or about three gallons per head, and the cost of maintenance was Rs. 28,170. There has been a muni cipality since 1868; the board consists of 26 nominated members, including a health officer and an engineer. All the receipts are paid into, and the entire expenditure is met from, the State treasury. The refuse of the city is removed by a light tramway drawn by buffaloes, and incinerators have been erected at convenient spots. The principal arts and industries are dyeing, carving in marble, enamelling on gold, pottery, and brass-work. The School of Art, opened in 186S, has done much useful work ; drawing, painting, sculpture, wood-carving, pottery, and working in gold and brass are taught, and the daily average attendance in 1904 was 81. For such a large place very little trade is carried on, but there is an extensive banking and exchange business, and Jaipur has been described as a sort of Lombard Street to Rajputana. Outside the city are two steam hydraulic cotton- presses started in 1885. In 1904, 12,910 bales were pressed, the net revenue being Rs. 13,444, or a profit of about 6 per cent, on the capital cost. Jaipur is amply supplied with educational institutions. Including 113 indigenous schools
and
maktabs) attended by 2,535 children, there were, in 1904, 151 educational institutions, and the daily average attendance was 4,446. The Maharaja’s College deserves special mention. It was started in 1845, the curriculum consisting of Urdu and Persian with the rudiments of English; it became a high school about 1865, a second-grade college in 1873, an d a first-grade college in 1897. The daily average attendance in 1904 was 54, and the expenditure Rs. 24,900. Since 1891, 67 students from the college have passed the B.A., and 4 the M.A. examination. There are two other colleges in the city : namely, the Oriental College, teaching up to the highest standards of the Punjab University examina tions in Arabic and Persian ; and the Sanskrit College, preparing boys for the title examinations in that language. In 1904 the daily average attendance at the former was 25, and at the latter 56. The city is also well supplied with medical institutions, there being three dispensaries for out-patients, two jail hospitals, a lunatic asylum, a small hospital attached to the Residency, the Lansdowne Hospital for the use of the Imperial Service transport corps, and the Mayo Hospital. The latter, with its recent additions, detached operating room, private and eye wards, is one of the most completely equipped hospitals in India and has beds for 125 in-patients. The two jails are outside the city walls and have accommodation for 1,144 prisoners. Besides cotton rugs VOL. XIII. d d
402 JAIPUR CITY and dusters, good woollen carpets are manufactured. In the beautifully laid out Ram Newas public gardens, which are 76 acres in extent, and are maintained at a cost of about Rs. 17,000 a year, is the Albert Hall, a large museum of industrial art and educational models, and the principal architectural feature of the place. It is named after King Edward VII, who, as Prince of Wales, laid the foundation-stone on February 6, 1876. Jaipur Village.—Village in the Dibrugarh subdivision of Lakhimpur District, Eastern Bengal and Assam, situated in 27 0 16' N. and 95 0
23' E., on the left bank of the Buri Dihing river. There are deposits of coal and oil-bearing strata in the neighbourhood, and the place is a centre of local trade. Jaipur
and estate in Vizagapatam District, Madras.
J eypore . Jais.—Town in the Salon tahsil of Rae Bareli District, United Provinces, situated in 26 o 16' N. and 8i° 33' E., on the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway, and on the road from Lucknow to Sultanpur. Population (1901), 12,688. It is said to have been originally a Bhar fortress called Udayanagar or Ujálekánagar. Tradition relates that the place was stormed by an officer of Saiyid Salar, and its modern name is derived from the Persian
‘a camp.’ The Jama Masjid is the chief building. This was built with the materials of an old Hindu temple, and was restored by Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur. Other fine buildings were erected in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Jais is celebrated as being the birthplace of Muhammad Jaisi, author of the vernacular poem called the
who lived early in the sixteenth century. Excellent muslin was formerly manufactured here; but the industry has declined. There is, however, some trade in grain, tobacco, and coarse cotton cloth. The town contains a dispensary and a flourishing school with 137 pupils. Oxford : Piinted at the Clarendon Press by H
orace H
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